General Biology Test 1- 9/10 and 9/14 notes

Essential elements in life

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur

Essential elements in lower concentration

sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium and chlorine

Atoms whose outermost shells contain unfilled orbitals (unpaired electrons) are

reactive

When all the orbitals in the outermost shell are filled the atom is

stable

Behavior of atoms determine

molecular behavior

Covalent bonds

pairs of valence electrons shared shared

What are the two kinds of bonds in water

covalent and weak

Ionic bonds

electron transfer

Hydrogen bonds

when H atom covanlenty bonded to one anion atom is also attracted another anion atom

Van der Waals

useful in biological systems, flexible and close range

Ion gradients

nerve activity

Properties of water

cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, ability to buffer, evaporate cooling and transpiration

As H+ ions increase the pH

decreases —> more acidic

as H+ ions decrease the pH

increases —> less acidic

Synthasis

produce macromolecules

Decomposition

breaking macromolecules to produce monomers

Complex carbs

glucose monomers

Lipid

fatty acids and glycerol

Protien

amino acids

Nucleic acids

nucleotides

Digestion of complex molecules happens in the

mouth and small intestine via enzyms

Smaller subunits are absorbed into the bloodstream via

small intestine

nutrients circulate and are taken up by

cells using transport protiens

Glucose monomers enter the

glycoses to start the respiration process

Board functional categories

catalyzing chemical reactions, synthesizing DNA and transporting materials within the cell

For synthesizing complex carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

the energy required is comparable

Primary structure

sequence pf nucleotides in DNA

Secondary strucutre

B strand or B pleated sheet

Tertiary strucutre

transthytertin polypeptide

Quateneary structure

transthyretin protien

The central dogma

1. translation

2. exit through nucleur pore

3. translation

animo acids are encoded as

three nucleotides

why does RNA turn into DNA

because Uracil is less stable than thymine