nucleic acids, population ecology, genetics, meiosis

what are the fucntion of nuclear dna

it transmits hereditary characteristics from parent to offspring

controls the synthesis of proteins

What is the role of dna

Carries hereditary information in the form of genes it carrie’s the code responsible for protein synthesis

Role of noncoding dna?

Used in dna profiling

Where is the different rna found?

Messenger: nucleus and cytoplasm

Ribosome rna and transfer rna: in the cytoplasm

What is meant by recombinant dna

Joining of DNA from two different sources/organisms, to make a new/unique combination of genes 

Why does the mtdna (mitochondrial dna only stay in the ovum?

During fertilization the mitochondria from the ovum stays and only the nucleus in the head of the sperm is included while the midpiece with the mitochondria is excluded

Functions of rna?

plays a role in protein synthesis, carrie’s dna from nucleus to ribosome, picks up animo acids and takes them to the ribosome. (Basically think of the mrna and tRNA) (not rlly rRNA it’s mostly just a vehicle)

Differences between dna and rna?

DNA: double helix double stranded, occurs in specific ratios, found in nucleus, has adenine and thymine, has deoxyribose. RNA: has ribose, no thymine only uracil, can be found also in cytoplasm not just nucleus, much shorter and bases can occur in any ratios

What is the significance of dna replication

Makes sure two identical cells are produced and that they are identical to the parent cell

What is the role of pcr

Polymerase chain reaction multiplies a small piece of dna into millions of copies so that there is enough available for testing.

Importance of dna profiling?

Identify crime suspects, proof of paternity, trace missing people.

Why is dna fingerprinting not rllly reliable?

It’s expensive, human error can occur, the dns segment used may not be entirely unique to the individual since it’s a small piece, the analysis of the dna may show other personal info about the person

what is the significance of dna replication

ensures that two identical cells are formed at the end of mitosis and makes sure they are also identical to the parent cell from which they were formed

what is the pcr and its function

it is called polymerase chain reaction it is a machine that is used to multiply a small amount of dna into millions of copies for enough to be able to test

what are some uses for dna profiling

identify potential crime suspects

proof of paternity

compatibility of tissues for transplant

explain the process of dna replication.

dna molecule unwinds

hydrogen bonds between bases break

dna molecule unzips into single strands

free floating nucleotides attach to compl bases

enzymes control the process (dna polymerase)

two new identical copies of dna molecules are formed

What is transcription and what happens during transcription?

Transcription is the formation of mRNA.

The dna unwinds and unzips

Controlled by rna polymerase

Free floating rna nucleotides attach to compl bases on dna

mRNA is formed

Leaves thru nuclear pore

DNA winds up and zips up again

mRNA goes and sits on ribosome in cytoplasm

Where does transcription take place

In the nucleus

What is translation and how does the process go

the process in the cytoplasm where amino acids combine to form proteins based off of the sequence of bases on the mRNA codon

The tRNA carries amino acid to ribosome.

The anticodon on the tRNA attaches to the complementary codon on the mRNA

amino acid is then dropped

Peptide bonds form between the amino acids

Polypeptide chain is formed

Process continues until tRNA reaches stop codon

Protein is formed

How is gene mutation come about

Mutation occurs

DNA triplet is changed

mRNA codon is changed

Different amino acid is coded

What is a gmo?

And organism that has been produced through genetic engineering.

What is the importance of gmo and genetic engineering

Further research in stem cells

Synthetic of medicinal drugs

Produce new crops

Explain how they use bacteria to make insulin

Plasmid is taken from the bacteria

A piece of the dna is cut out from the plasmid using restriction enzymes

and a new piece of the insulin dna is inserted and glued using dna ligase

The recombinant dna is inserted back into the bacteria

It multiplies

The insulin is extracted and purified

What are the advantages of gmo

Larger crop yields

Cheaper for farmers to produce

Treats medical conditions

Disadvantage of gmo?

We do how it will affect human health in the long run yet

Expensive biotech

Ruins biodiversity

When was the first cloned mammal born

1996

What are the disadvantages and advantages of cloning

Advantages: more genetically fit, conservation of endangered species, gives hope to couples trying for children. Disadvantages: unethical, against nature, expensive

Define population

A group of organisms of similar species species that share a habitat and have the ability to interbreed randomly and produce viable and fertile offspring

Define population ecology

the ecological study of the dynamics of populations of a single species

What is culling and what are preventive methods

Culling is the killing of animals to control population size and prevent disease

What are the three castes for bees

Worker- builds nests makes nectar takes care of queen and young, drone- makes with queen. Queen- lays eggs and releases pheromones

What are the three castes for termites

Worker

Queen

King

Winged reproductive

Soldier

Population pyramid types

Expansive- rapid growth eg nigera

Stationery- stable/slow growth eg usa

Contractive- negative growth Eg Japan

How to make quadrant more valid?

Use bigger quads for bigger animals and smaller ones for smaller animals, place the quadrants randomly to avoid bias,

How to make quadrant more reliable

Repeat the experiment use more samples

Intraspecific and interspecifc and examples?

Intra=the same eg lions competing for territory or trees for sunlight

Inter=not the same lion and hyena compete for prey

Define species

a group of organisms that share similar characteristics that have the ability to interbreed randomly to produce fertile and viable offspring

Factors that influence population size?

Natality, mortality, immigration, emigration, carrying capacity, limiting factors

Define community

a number of different populations occupying the same habitat

How to increase the reliability of an estimate or indirect method of calculating population size

Repeating the procedure, choosing the samples randomly, allowing the tagged animals some time to mix with the untagged animals

What are some density dependent factors?

Food, space, disease, shelter, predation

What is the ecological role of predation?

Controls the population size of the prey and predators

Prevents overpopulation and resource depletion

Maintains ecosystem balance

Is a density dependent factor

Density independent factors?

Climate, natural disasters

How to make the mark recapture technique valid?

Make sure the mark doesn’t interfere with the animals behavior or movement, the mark must be visible, population should be closed (no animals coming in and out), period between samples must be brief so that no births or deaths occur. Time to mix with the population or untangled animals

Formula for mark recapture?

Total of marked animals in the first sample x the total of animals of the second sample divided by the number of marked animals in the second sample

Define ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their relationship of each other and to the environment

Define population ecology

The ecological study of the dynamics of populations of a single species

Formula for quadrat?

Number of animals x area of habitat divided by the area of the quadrat

What would bb be called?

Homozygous recessive

What would Bb be called

Heterozygous

What would BB be called

Homozygous dominant

What’s an example of monogenic inheritance

Freckles and earlobe attachment

Examples of polygenic inheritance?

Height, skin color

What did Gregor Mendel do between 1857 and 1864

He carried out breeding experiments using garden pea plants

What is the law that states in a cross of bare ts that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the progeny

Mendels law of dominance

What are autosomes and gonosomes

Autosomes 22 pairs gonosomes sex chromosomes 1 pair (X and y)

In a female what is her somatic cell chromosome split?

22 gonosomes pair and 1 pair XX chromosome

What are the gametes of a egg cell?

X, X

Gametes of a sperm cell?

Can be X, X or X,Y

Why does the X chromosome carry more diseases?

It can carry more genes than the Y chromosome

Why are males more affected by sex linked diseases?

men only have 1 X chromosome. If they inherited a recessive allele from the mother they will be affected. Women have two X chromosomes and need two recessive alleles to be considered affected by the disease.

What are the two types of mutation and how are they caused

Point mutation where a single base is changed and frame shift mutation where a base is deleted or added

How does gene mutation happen?

Starts with a type of gene mutation, a dna triplet is changed, the mRNA codon changes and a new amino acid is coded, a different protein is formed

What are the two types of harmless genetic mutations

Neutral mutations where the organism structure and functioning remains unchanged. Advantageous mutations tha benefit the organism

Examples of harmful genetic mutations?

Albinism and sickle cell anaemia

What is the impact of the human genome project.

Basis of research in biotechnology, agriculture and the environment that enables more accurate diagnosis, treatment and prevention of genetic diseases, reduce cost in medical care, predict risk of disease

What is the cause of sickle cell anemia

There is a mutant allele on chromosme 11. It results in a red blood cell that has a sickle shape which blocks blood vessels

Symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

damage to organs, anaemia and, stroke

What is the treatment for sickle cell anaemia?

drugs to alleviate the pain, bone marrow transplant and blood transfusions

Why is bone marrow transplant dangerous?

The immune system may reject the transplant

What is the most common type of albinism?

Oculo-cutaneous albinism (eye-skin)

How is albinism caused by?

Mutation on the X chromosome

Uses for genetic testing?

Prevent diseases in unborn babies, identify carriers and predict the chances of someone getting a disease.

Importance of genetic counseling?

To provide parents/couples with the best advice regarding the disorder, to let them know of the choices they have and what decision will be the best to make

What is the human genome project?

Research done to map and understand all the genes of the Homo sapiens

When did the human genome project take place place?

Started 1990 and ended 2003

What is the law that states for each characteristic a plant possesses 2 factors which separate or segregated so that each gamer contains only one of these factors

Mendels law of segregation

Who is referred to as the father of genetics?

Mendel a p