crime prevention exam 2

developmental crime prevention

how does DCP attempt tp prevent crime

target psychological causes of crime and potential of individuals to become criminal

what is the causal mechanism of DCP

criminal potential develops as result of social processes in early life experiences

what are the major assumptions of DCP

• social learning theory

  • criminal potential develops as a result of social processes in early life experiences

• life course theory

  • sees developmental process as messier concept (life trajectories)

self control theory

• crime and deviance are natural

• low self control = more attracted to crime bc of quick rewards

• develops early and is stable over life course

  • prosocial behavior must be learned

• low self control due to poor parenting

multiple pathways to crime theory

motiff : 3 trajectories

• nonffenders

• teen offenders

  • prosocial childhood, commit crime during teens, mature out of it

• life course persistent offenders

  • antisocial childhood, commit through life

social development theory

• dynamic model

  • ppl change over time

• prosocial/ antisocial path

  • social enviro can change pathways

  • protective and risk factors r mostly SOCIAL

integrated cognitive antisocial potential (ICAP) theory

ppl commit crime bc

• long term risk factors

  • energizing factors ( desire for risk)

  • modeling (antisocial peers)

  • socialization (self control)

• short term

  • anger, frustration, intoxication

• early intervention to discourage criminal tendencies and target high risk situations

age graded life course theory

• informal social control theory

  • ppl commit deviance w/o social control (social bonds)

  • attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

  • social bonds vary over life course

    • marriage, fam, peers, employment

labeling theory

primary deviance —> labeling —> role engulfment ——>secondary deviance

• self reinforcing process

• 2nd worse than primary, CJ system can make things WORSE

what are risk factors

predict high probability of offending

protective factors

predict low probability of offending AMONG PERSONS EXPOSED TO RISK FACTORS

promotive factors

predict low probability of offending

individual risk factors

• low intelligence

• low empathy

• impulsive

family risk factors

• poor parenting

• harsh punishment

• child abuse

• broken home

social risk factors

• poor

• deviant peer influence

  • gang involvement HIGHLY predictive of offending

• neighborhood factors

non risk factor correlates

• age

• sex

• race

• criminal parents

limitations to developmental crime prevention

• can mutable early risk factors be identified

• targets high risk individuals

• require long time

• can they be scaled up? (usually small and intense)

4 major approaches to developmental crime prevention

• parent training

• preschool programs

• child skills programs

• multi component training

parent training

• incredible year

• address family risk factors

  • improve parental supervision, monitoring and discipline (manage child’s behavior)

  • expecting mom - school aged kids

  • nurse home visits - from pregnancy to age 2 ( produced mother education and reduced abuse)

  • smaller scale programs <100 r more effective

preschool programs

• head start

• goal = target early risk factors

• build positive relationships w peers and teachers, positive attitude toward school, provide basic skills

• enhance cognitive skills, targeting early aggressive behavior

child skills programs

• montreal prevention experiment

• tools of mind program

  • improving self regulations and executive functioning

  • increase deliberate memory, focus attention, regulations of emotions

• good behavior game (GBG)

  • reducing aggressive and disruptive behavior

• promoting alternative thinking strategies (PATHS)

  • comprehensive skill training system for k -6th grade

multi component training

• incredible years

  • parenting sills training - addresses problem behavior, setting rules and using incentives

  • child social skills - dealing w negative emotions, responding appropriately to problem situations

  • teacher training- classroom management, teaching skills, disciplinary practices

• short term results positive

long term effectiveness of DCP programs

• longer programs >3 years more effective

• at risk and low SES kids benefit more, intensive programs work best

situational crime prevention

how does SCP attempt to prevent crime

focused on how to decrease likelihood of crime in given situational context

what is the causal mechanism of SCP

changes opportunity for crime by manipulating enviro

what r the major assumptions of SCP

• offenders r rational

• crime is opportunistic and situational

• minor changes can disrupt criminal decision making

rational choice theory

assumes offender make choices based on opportunities

• calculates risk, effort and potential reward

• crime scripts may not be conscious “behavioral routines”

routine activities theory

• opportunity os cause of most crime

• motivated offender + suitable target + absent guardian

• lifestyle of victim and offender create these opportunities

crime pattern theory

• where and when

• enviro blackcloth

  • social, economic, cultural, physical conditions within which ppl operate

• social/crime template

  • ppl have outline of expectations of what will happen @ certain times and places

5 types of SCP

• Increasing effort

• Increasing risk

• Reducing rewards

• Reducing provocations

• Removing excuses

increasing effort

• hidden targets (steering locks, car, anti robbery screens at bank)

• control access ( gates, make it hard to enter areas w kids)

• screening exits (electronic tags, exit tickets)

increasing risk

• extend guardianship (wide isles, stores to make theft more visible)

• increase surveillance (street lightning, neighborhood watch)

• reduce anonymity (cab driver IDS, school uniforms)

reducing rewards

• conceal targets (unmarked armor trucks)

• remove targets (women’s shelters)

• identify property (licensing)

reducing provocations

• reduce frustration/stress (soothing music, polite service)

• avoid disputes (separate sports fans)

• reduce temptation (screen youth workers, prohibit pedos from working w kids)

removing excuses

• set rule (rental agreements)

• post instructions (no parking)

• alert conscience ( speeding displays)

limitations of SCP

• focuses on situations where crime likely to occur, doesn’t adress root causes of crime

• limits to how much it can reduce crime since its not changing individuals or communities

• 3rd complementary strategy

major criticisms of SCP and responses

• simplistic and a theoretical

• conservative approach

• promotes selfish, exclusionary society

• blames victim

• big brother and restricts freedom

• doesn’t work, but displaces crime and often makes it worse

• doesn’t address root causes

crime prevention through environmnetal design (CPTED)

• Territoriality

• Natural surveillance

• Image

• Milieu

• Access control

• Activity support

• Target hardening

Territoriality

• area is owned

• real = wall, fences, gates

• symbolic = signs, landscaping

natural surveillance

observe activity inside or outside w/o aid of special devices

image

neighborhood has appearance that its not isolated and taken care for, and residents will take action

milieu

placement of home, building, or community in larger area characterized by low crime

access control

regulate who comes and goes from area w intent of limiting access to legitimate users

• ex. gated communities

activity support

assist and ehance interaction between citizens and community

• build community atmosphere

  • street fairs

• anti crime activities

  • neighborhood watch

target hardening

actions that increase effort by offenders in committing crime

• ex. locks

major approaches of CPTED

• street lightning

• CCTV

• natural surveillance

• other approaches

street lightning

• improved street lightning may decrease crime in several ways

  • improves ability to identify offender and detect crime

• inexpensive and creates sense of guardianship

CCTV

• mechanical surveillance of an area is most often accomplished by camera

• can be placed in many locations

natural surveillance

• prospect = ability to see area

• refuge = presence/ absence of concealment in which potential offenders could hide

• escape = ability of both offenders and victims to escape from area

• positive effects

other approaches

• organized surveillance (security guards)

• property identification programs

• alarms

• area permeability

• dead bolt locks

effectiveness of SCP

• street lightning

  • improving street lightning may decrease crime

• CCTV

  • significant crime reduction in south korea and UK, no significant crime reductions in canada, sweden and US

what is displacement of crime

offenders respond to opportunities to commit crime

• motivated offenders will just change targets

malign vs benign displacement

malign

• changes in crime causes more undesirable outcomes

benign

• changes in crime benefit society

  • ex. shift from violent theft (robbery) to nonviolent (identity theft)

what are major assumptions of displacement

• offenders have mobility

  • ability to change time, place, target

• offenders make rational choices

  • respond to payoff

• crime is inelastic

  • not responsive to changes in price

  • increasing cost won’t change behavior bc motivation is independent of situational opportunity

territorial displacement

• change in crime from 1 geographical area to a contiguous graphical area

  • ex. reduce burglaries in ur neighborhood but increase them in the next

temporal displacement

change in crime from1 time to diff time

• ex. night citizen patrol causes more crime to move to daytime

tactical displacement

change in methods used to commit crime

• ex. better locks —> burglars forced to enter through window

target displacement

changing victim of crime within same area

• house alarms —> robbers rob houses w/o alarms now

functional displacement

offenders shifts from commiting one type of crime to another

• harder to rob homes —> rob ppl in public places

perpetrator displacement

1 offender stops another offender replaces the 1st

• 1 offender stops dealing drugs bc of better street lighting —> new drug dealer in same area bc of new opportunity

what is diffusion of benefits

crime prevention efforts may spread benefits beyond targeted

• halo effect or free bonus effect

what is evidence of displacement and diffusion

• displacement

  • evaluations dont measure displacement

  • lil reason to expect total displacment

• diffusion

  • measure by looking at crime reductions in surrounding target area

  • hard to measure

community crime prevention

how does CCP attempt to prevent crime

changes communities

what is the causal mechanism of CCP

strengthens community ties, resources and opportunities

what are the major assumptions of CCP

• community action can stop crime

• weak social ties = higher crime

2 major theoretical approaches

• social process focus

• social structure focus

social disorganization theory

• social process

• poor ties = crime

community disorder theory

• social process focus

• visible signs of disorder —> more crime

differential opportunity theory

• social structure focus

• unequal access to legit opportunities —> more crime

community empowerment theory

• social structure focus

• local take control of safety/ resources

theory of criminal embeddedness

• social structure focus

• offenders r deeply connected to enviro

major types of CCP programs

• mentoring

  • pair youth w positive adults

• community guardianship

  • neighborhood watch

• poverty focused programs

  • improve schools, jobs, services

limitations of CCP

• slow results

• requires sustained funding

• hard to measure success

effectiveness of CCP

mixed but most effective when long term and community led