Geography, Population, Culture, Political Organization, Agriculture, Industrialization, and Urban Land Use

Flashcards related to Geography, Population, Culture, Political Organization, Agriculture, Industrialization, and Urban Land Use.

__: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Sequent occupance

__: Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.

Cultural landscape

__: The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Arithmetic density

__: The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Physiological density

__: The region from which innovative ideas originate.

Hearth

__: The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

Diffusion

__: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Relocation diffusion

__: The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.

Expansion diffusion

__: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Hierarchical diffusion

__: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Contagious diffusion

__: the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

Stimulus diffusion

__: Exact measurement of the physical space between two places.

Absolute distance

__: Approximate measurement of the physical space between two places.

Relative distance

__: The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

Distribution

__: A 19th - and early 20th -century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences.

Environmental determinism

__: Position on Earth’s surface using the coordinate system of longitude and latitude.

Absolute location

__: Position on Earth’s surface relative to other features.

Relative location

__: The physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant

Site

__- is based on the notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome.

Friction of Distance

__- The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Distance Decay

__- defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without a center.

Networks

__- The relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

Connectivity

__- The degree of ease with which it is possible to reach certain location from other locations.

Accessibility

__- Refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.

Space

__- Physical location of geographic phenomena across SPACE

Spatial Distribution

__: The location of a place relative to other places.

Situation

__- The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system.

Space Time Compression

__- Representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

Scale

__- (uniform) or homogenous region is an area within which everyone shares in common one or mare distinctive characteristics.

Formal Region

__- (nodal region) Area organized around a node or focal point.

Functional Region

__: Which is an internal representation of a portion of Earths surface

Mental map-

__- The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

Possibilism

__- A common property of distribution, which is the geometric arrangement of objects in space.

Pattern

__- Often referred to as a places toponym (the name given to a place on Earth.

Place Name

__: which finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration.

Demographic equation

__: tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Demographic momentum

__: Cape Verde is in Stage 2 (High Growth), Chile is in Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), and Denmark is in Stage 4 (Low Growth).

Demographic regions

__: Has 5 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population group.

Demographic Transition model

__: The number of people who are too you or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years.

Dependency ratio

__: There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people.

Disease diffusion

__: The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Doubling time

__: The proportion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Ecumene

__: This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Epidemiological transition model

__: The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

__: This is when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve.

J-curve

__: This is an adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful.

Maladaption

__: There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy.

Mortality

__: (Crude Birth Rate) This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society.

Natality

__- theory that builds upon Malthus’ thoughts on overpopulation.

Neo-malthusian

__- relationship between the number of people on Earth, and the availability of resources.

Overpopulation

__- the frequency with which something occurs in space is density

Population densities

__- predicts the future population of an area or the world.

Population projection

__- population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph

Population pyramid

__- the percentage by which a population grows in a year

Rate of natural increase

__- traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph.

S-curve

__- the number of males per hundred females in the population

Sex ratio

__- refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population

Standard of living

__- providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future

Sustainability

__- it is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region’s population

Underpopulation

__- when the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero.

Zero population growth

__- space allotted for a certain industry or activity

Activity space

__- when one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after

Chain migration

__- trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle

Cyclic movement

__- When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them

Distance Decay

__- People removed from there countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government.

Forced Migration

__- Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.

Gravity Model

__- Permanent movement within a particular country.

Internal Migration

__- An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

Intervening Opportunity

__- Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.

Push-Pull Factors

__- People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.

Refugee

__- Seasonal migration of live stock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Transhumance

__: Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage

Acculturation

__: Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture

Assimilation

__: The geographic study of human environmental relationships

Cultural Ecology

__: Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect

Cultural Identity

__: The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape

Cultural Landscape

__: The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.

Culture

__: A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Vernacular

__: The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

Expansion

__: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places

Hierarchical

__: The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Contagious

__: The spread of an underlying principle when the characteristic fails to diffuse

Stimulus

__: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Relocation Diffusion

__: Study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture

Innovation Adoption

__: Refers to such cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey

Sequence Occupancy

__: belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life

Animism

__: The third of the world’s major universalizing religions

Buddhism

__: is a monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament

Christianity

__: Developed by earlier Chinese man Confucius, it’s a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought

Confucianism

__: A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located

Ethnic Religion

__: A enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory

Exclave/Enclave

__: Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

Fundamentalism

__: The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers

Hajj

__: is a religion that means the submission to the will of god

Islam

__: religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. Stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life

Jainism

__: the boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism

Interfaith boundaries

__: Mormonism is used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement

Mormonism

__: One group is universalizing religions. These are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.

Religion

__: the range of traditional beliefs and practices that claim the ability to cure, heal, and cause pain to people.

Shamanism

__:is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles.

Sharia law