midterm flashcards

peninsulares

europeans from iberia (portugal, spain)

iberians

a native of the iberian peninsula (spain and portugal)

criollos

european descended peoples born in america

mestizos 

“mixed race” people with european and native heritage 

pardos (mulattos)

“brown persons” mixed european and african heritage

zambos

mixed native and african heritage

cuzco 

capital of the latin american empire

mexica (aztecs)

indigenous people in mexico conquered by the spanish in 1521

mayans

indigenous mesoamerican group conquered by the spanish.

tenochtitlan

the captial city of the aztec empire, housed 100,000 - 200,000 inhabitants.

incas

indigenous andean people who were conquered in 1533 by the spanish.

ecomienda 

spanish labor system that granted right of a colonist to force labor of the indigenous peoples. 

hernan cortes

spanish conquistador who conquered the spanish empire

monctezuma ii

leader of the aztec empire when it was at it’s peak.

melinche (dona maria) 

aztec girl who helped cortes conquer the aztec empire by sharing with him information. 

francisco pizzaro

conquistador that conquered the inca empire

smallpox

disease that devastated the indigenous population of latin america. over 80% of the population was wiped out in 60 years.

the columbian exchange 

the transfer of agricultural products, diseases, and people among the continents of europe, africa, and the americas. 

hegemony

the political, economic, and cultural dominance of a ruling group over subordinate groups. in colonial latin america, they had to get permission from the king and queen in europe to do anything.

bartolome de las casas

dominican missionary. critic of the spanish colonial government. first to expose the oppression of the indigenous peoples.

patriarchy 

system where men hold power in family, politics, and society. 

a brief account of the destruction of the indies

book by bartolome de las casas about the mistreatment of the native peoples. 

mulattos

person with mixed african and european ancestry. 

sugar

staple crop of latin america. slaves who were in the sugar field were treated horribly. spain’s main moneymaker.

jean-jacques dessalines

emperor of hati and leader of the hatian revolution. he drove out the french troops.

transculturation

the merge of native, african, and european cultures merging together and creating a new cultural phenomenon. 

popular sovereignty 

idea that the government is sustained by the people. taken from the age of enlightenment. 

sant-domingue

one of the last european colonies in the americas. becomes a haven for french pirates. becomes a french colony in 1659. it is now hati.

toussant l’ouverture

known as “black napoleon.” led a slave rebellion in sant domingue. he was a military genius.

napoleon bonaparte

emperor of the french after the french revolution. he invaded spain in 1808, which helped colonies gain their independence.

napoleonic wars 

wars in europe that eventually spread to the americas. napoleon installed his own brother as king. this weakened the spanish authority on their colonies. 

boukman

initiates a slave revolt, the bois caiman ceremony in august 1791.

gens de couleur

mixed race people in sant domingue. they were about 5% of the population by 1800. union of french white men and african women.

the wars for independence 

wars fought for independence from european countries throughout the americas. 

simon bolivar

known as “the liberator.” controls most of northwestern south america between 1822 and 1824. won venezuela’s independence in 1821. bolivia is named after him.

ayacucho

battle that secured independent peru. boilvar was there.

guayaquil

meeting between jose de san martin and simon bolivar where after san martin left for europe and never returned.

liberalism 

belief in republican forms of government, that it should be controlled by the people, that everyone is equally deserving of rights.

nationalism

pride in one’s own country. was part why people desired to be independent from their colonizers.

brazil

always the exception. ruled by portugal and not spain, so they were always doing different stuff.

joao vi

king of portugal and brazil who made brazil the seat of the portuguese empire. had his son petro stay behind as regent of brazil 

pedro i

the first leader of brazil. he is the son of the leader of portugal. so they’re independent. but they’re not really that independent. 

o grito do ipiranga (the cry of ipiranga)

brazil’s independence declared on 7th september 1822.

jose de san martin

argentine general and leads the independence movement in the south. 1821 seized control of lima. first independent leader of peru. 1822 meets with bolivar and fucks off back to europe.

machismo 

social concept that men are superior that leads to aggression, domination, and emotional detachment. 

father hidalgo

mexican catholic priest that called for the end of slavery and the exploitation of indians. alienated many wealthy creoles with his ideas. a true revolutionary. executed in 1811.

la grito de dolores

when on september 16th, 1810 father hidalgo called on the indians and mestizos to help take out the spanish. this is what triggered the mexican war for independence. 

father jose maria morelos

joined father hidalgo in launching the revolt against spanish rule in 1810. took over leader of the revolution in 1811. won important victories at oaxca and acapulco. after defeat in tezmalaca in 1815 he was shot and killed.

augustin de iturbide

pussy. appparently. weak ass guy. rich. called for a constitutional monarchy and declared himself emperor of mexico

the pastry wars

1839-39. first french intervention in mexico where the french blocked off veracruz. 

antonio lopez de santa ana

leads a group of mexican military leaders and overthrows iturbide in 1823. 

coahulia y tejas

mexican state where angelo-tejano revolt took place. it is what is now texas.

san jacinto

battle in 1836 where texas gains it’s independence.

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo 

1848 ended the war between mexico and the us and granted the us half of mexico’s territory. 

mexican american war

when the us fought with mexico for their land. 1846-48. we got the land.

benito juarez

five term mexican president from 1858-1872. first indigenous leader of a latin american nation.

la reforma (the reform)

forced catholic church to sell large land holdings. they owned 1/3 of all land.