Unit 4

attribution theory

situation/disposition

actor-observer bias

those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes,

observers to attribute others’ behaviors to internal causes

fundamental attribution error

underestimate ones situation, overestimate their disposition

mere exposure effect

tendency for repeated exposure to stimuli to increase our liking of them

internal locus of control

belief that an individual has control over their own actions and outcomes in life

social comparison

Festinger, people comparing what they have to what others have in order to determine if their grass is green enough

relative deprivation

belief that a person will feel deprived or entitled to something based on the comparison to someone else

stereotype

generalized belief about a group that may be true

prejudice

attitude

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group

just world phenomenon

belief that everyone gets what they deserve, and deserves what they get

implicit attitudes

unconscious evaluation of a person or social group that influence behavior

cognitive dissonance

uncomfortable state of mind arising when you recognize inconsistencies in your beliefs/behaviors

social influence theory

process whereby one person’s behavior is affected by the words ir actions of others

central route persuasion

persuasion using logic or facts

peripheral route persuasion

persuading with attractiveness or humour

group polarization

enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

groupthink

when a group prioritizes conformity over independent thinking leading to flawed outcome

social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts to attain a goal

deindividuation

acting out in public

social facilitation

in presence of others, improved performance on simple tasks, but worsened performance on difficult ones

false consensus effect

bias- everyone else thinks the way i do too

superordinate goals

goals that require cooperation

social traps

short term gain, long term negative consequence, ex snoozing alarm

displacement

transfer of feelings or behavior from their original object to another person/thing

projection

attribute their own negative feelings to another person

regression

individual reverts to behaving as they would in an earlier stage of development ( an adult acts like a child)

rationalization

individual explains their behavior in a logical way, though real reason may be different

sublimation

channeling emotions into something socially acceptable (punching bag)

repression

banishes anxiety, arousing thoughts from consciousness,

humanistic psych

looking at the whole individual→ free will, self-actualization

self actualization

motivation to fulfill one’s potential

big 5 theory

Openness Contientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

drive-reduction theory

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce the need (quench thirst)

arousal theory

meed an optimum arousal level to perform well

Yerkes-Dodson Law

performance increases with arousal only up to a point , beyond which performance decreases

self-determination theory

when competence, connection and autonomy needs are filled

Lewin’s motivational conflicts

individuals are motivated to resolve conflicts in three ways (approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance)

Ghrelin secreted by __

secreted by stomach

Leptin secreted by __

secreted by fat cells

brain structure that controls hunger

hypothalamus

structure that regulates metabolism

pituitary gland

universal emotions

inside out characters+ surprise

elicitors

bring out emotion

MAOA

breaks down dopamine and seratonin

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

id

reservoir of the unconscious psychic energy that according to freud strives to satisfy basic drives

ego

partly conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to freud mediates among the demands of the id and superego.

superego

partly conscious part of personality that according to freud represents internalized ideals and provides standards for future aspriations

Freuds psychosexual stages

Oral (0-18 months)
Anal(18-36 months)- bladder and bowel elimination

Phallic(3-6 years)- genital

Latency(6-puberty)-dormant

Genital (puberty on)

collective unconscious

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared inherited prototypes

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

self transcendence

self actualization

esteem

belongingness and love

safety

physiological

self transcendence

the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

social cognitive perspective

Bandura- a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and social context

classical motivation theories

instincts and evolutionary theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Instincts and evolutionary theory

genetic basis for unearned behavior (birds building nests)

Maslow’s hierarchy (definition of theory)

Prioritizing survival based needs more and then social ones for esteem and meaning

James-Lange emotion theory

emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion arousing stimuli (we observe our heart racing after a threat and then feel frightened)

Cannon-Bard emotion theory

emotion arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience. (ex our hearts race at the same time that we feel afraid)

Schachter-Singer emotion theory

ex we may experience arousal as fear or excitement, depending on context)

Zajonc-LeDoux emotion theory

we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat)

Lazerus emotion theory

(ex, the sound is “just the wind”)

reappraisal

changing our interpretations

sympathetic arousal (eyes, salivation, digestion, adrenal glands)

pupils dilate, salivation decreases, digestion inhibits, adrenal glands secrete stress hormones

parasympathetic arousal (eyes, salivation, digestion, adrenal glands)

pupils contract, salivation increases, digestion activates, adrenal glands decrease secretion of stress hormones.