FNH 250 M.9 Micronutrients for energy metabolism

list water soluble vitamins

(easily excreted in urine)

*be calm and cool

• B-complex (B1-B12)

• vitamin C

• Choline

what makes micronutrients different from macronutrients

• Micronutrients: No energy yield, consumed in mg/µg amounts
  

• Macronutrients: Provide energy (carbs, fat, protein)
  

• Micros = individual units; Macros = linked molecules (e.g. glucose chains, amino acids)
  
  

list fat-soluble vitamins

(stored in liver/fat)

*All Dogs Eat Kale

• vitamins A, D, E, K

Vitamins with not toxicity from high intakes (from food)

• Thiamin, Riboflavin, Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, B12

*The Risk Becomes Pretty Basic

List energy metabolism vitamins

• 8 b complex vitamins

  • Thiamin (1), Riboflavin (2), Niacin (3), Pantothenic Acid (5), Pyridoxine (6), Biotin (7), Folate (9), cobalamin (12)

• choline

List B complex vitamins

(8)

• B1: Thiamine

• B2: Riboflavin

• B3: Niacin

• B5: Pantothenic acid

• B6: pyridoxine

• B7: biotin

• B9: folate

• B12: cobalamin

difference between vitamins and minerals

• Vitamins = Organic, unstable (destroyed by heat, light, oxidation), can have precursors
  

• Minerals = Inorganic, stable, elemental (can’t be broken down further)
  
  

bioavailability definition

% of a nutrient absorbed and available for use

what is bioavailability affected by?

• Gut health

• Nutrient form

• Presence of fat (for fat-soluble)

• Competing minerals

• Binders in food

• Method of cooking (e.g., boiling reduces B-vitamin content)

what is the difference between water and fat-soluble vitamins

1. absorption

   • absorbed into the blood

   • vs into lymph then blood

2. transport

   • freely in blood

   • vs with carrier proteins

3. storage

   • minimal storage

   • vs storage in liver and fat

4. toxicity risk

   • low (as a result of excretion which controls levels)

   • vs high (as more is stored)

when does toxicity most commonly occur?

• Toxicity more common from supplements, especially for fat-soluble vitamins

• when UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level; max intake without risk) is exceeded

Thiamin - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

(B1)

function

• converts pyruvate

• glucose metabolism

• energy + nerve function

cofactor

• TPP

deficiency

• Beriberi (wet/dry), wernicke-korsakoff (alcohol)

sources

• pork, legumes, whole/enriched grains

toxicity

• no known toxicity

Riboflavin - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

cofactors

• FMN, FAD

function

• redox reactions

• energy transfer

• electron transport in metabolism

deficiency

• ariboflavinosis (inflammation of mouth/eyes/skin)

sources

• milk, enriched grains (destroyed by light)

toxicity

• no known toxicity

Niacin - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

cofactors

• NAD, NADP

precursor

• tryptophan (60 mg = 1 mg niacin)

function

• electron transfer

• energy metabolism

• DNA repair

deficiency

• pellagra (4Ds: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death)

toxicity

• niacin flush from supplements

sources

• meat, legumes, enriched grains

pantothenic acid - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

coenzyme

• CoA

function

• universal energy metabolism

• CoA synthesis (metabolizes fats, carbs, proteins)

deficiency

• rare; “burning feet” syndrome

sources

• widespread in foods

toxicity

• no known toxicity

Biotin - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

function

• carboxylation reactions (CO2 carrier) fat/glucose. amino metabolism

deficiency

• rare

• row egg whites block absorption

• hair loss, rash, neurological issues

sources

• egg yolks, widespread in foods

toxicity

• no known toxicity

vitamin B6 - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

coenzyme

• PLP

function

• amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitters, heme synthesis

deficiency

• microcytic anemia, neurological symptoms

• alcoholism increases risk of deficiency

sources

• meat, starchy veg

toxicity

• neurological damage from supplements

folate - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity

forms

• folate (natural)

• folic acid (supplement/fortified)

function

• DNA/RNA synthesis, methylation, cell division, RBC formation

deficiency

• megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects

sources

• leafy greens, OJ, fortified grains

toxicity

• high intake can mask B12 deficiency

vitamin B12 - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity, extra notes

function

• works with folate,

• myelin sheath, folate activation methylation, nerve production

deficiency

• pernicious anemia, neurological damage

sources

• animal products only

toxicity

• no known toxicity

extra notes

• absorption requires HCL (stomach acid) and intrinsic factor

• stored in liber

choline - cofactors/precursors/coenzyme (if any), functions, deficiency, sources, toxicity, extra notes

function

• methylation, acetylcholine, phospholipids

deficiency

• liver damage (rare)

sources

• eggs, milk, peanuts

toxicity

• fishy odor low BP, liver issues

extra notes

• synthesized in body but not enough so essential

methylation nutrients

• folate

• B12

• B6

• Choline

• needed to donate methyl groups A(CH3)

• expression, cardiovascular risk

which deficiencies occur together vs alone

• Deficiencies often occur together except thiamin, niacin, B12 which may occur alone

minerals for energy metabolism

• iodine: thyroid hormones —> metabolism

• chromium: insulin activity

• mangansese: cofactor, bone

• sulfur: in amino acids/proteins

Iodine description

• Function: Thyroid hormone production
  
  

• Deficiency: Goiter, developmental delays
  
  

• Sources: Iodized salt, seafood
  
  

• Toxicity: Thyroid dysfunction
  

Chromium description

• Function: Insulin action
  
  

• Deficiency: Diabetes-like symptoms
  
  

• Toxicity: None known
  
  

• Sources: Widespread in foods
  

Mangansese

• Function: Cofactor for metabolism, bone formation
  
  

• Deficiency: Rare
  
  

• Toxicity: Neurological symptoms at high intakes
  
  

• Sources: Grains
  

Sulfur description

• Function: Structural role in proteins (from amino acids)
  
  

• Deficiency: Rare, no DRI
  
  

• Sources: Protein-rich foods