AP Psych final

Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

Learning where a response to one stimulus is elicited by a different neutral stimulus.

Biological predisposition to learning

Evolutionary predisposition influencing how organisms learn associations.

Social learning

Learning behaviors by observing models in a social context.

Conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response.

Stimulus generalization

Transfer of a learned response to similar stimuli.

Negative and positive reinforcement

Adding positive or removing negative stimuli to reinforce behavior.

Short-term memory

Holds immediate conscious information.

Long-term memory

Stores vast information for years, categorized into explicit, episodic, semantic, implicit, procedural, emotional, and prospective memory.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Studied human memory and the forgetting curve.

Automatic processing

Unconscious processing of well-learned material.

Effortful processing

Active processing of information requiring effort and attention.

Elaborative encoding

Rehearsal involving connecting new information with existing knowledge.

Self-reference effect

Easier memory recall for self-related information.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repeating information to retain it in short-term memory.

Inappropriate conclusion

Drawing unsupported conclusions due to biases or misunderstandings.

Correlational research

Examining relationships between variables without manipulating them.

Temperament and child-parent relationships

Impact of innate traits on child-parent interactions.

Albert Bandura

Creator of social learning theory, demonstrated through the Bobo Doll experiment.

Jean Piaget

Proposed stages of cognitive development - sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Hans Selye

Introduced the general adaptation syndrome to stress.

Causal effect of a reward on intrinsically motivated behavior

External rewards decreasing intrinsic motivation.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Performance influenced by arousal level based on task difficulty.

Limbic system

Brain system associated with emotions, behavior, and memory.

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal stability in physiological systems.

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Standard criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

Deviant

Behaviors differing significantly from societal norms.

1973 Rosenhan study

Experiment on psychiatric diagnoses and misdiagnosis.

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder characterized by starvation despite being underweight.

Catatonia

State of immobility and abnormal behavior.

Attribution

Process of explaining causes of behavior and events.

False-consensus effect

Overestimating the commonality of one's opinions and behaviors.

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Persuasion strategy starting with a small request followed by a larger one.

Peripheral route to persuasion

Persuasion through factors other than message content.