Human Physiology final exam

define homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment

define positive feedback

increases the problem. Makes you aware of the problem. Ex:childbirth

define negative feedback

reduces the problem;brings you back to set point;ex: br and heart rate

define homeostatic imbalance

disturbance in the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Where are epitelial cells found in the body?

all body surfaces (inside and out)

describe the four functions of epithelial tissue

1. protect:covers all free body surfaces

2. absorb: in kidneys absorbs and filters

3. filter:kidneys

4. secrete: perspiration, oil, stomach acid, digestive enzymes, mucus

what is the benefit of having stratified squamus epithelium on your skin and in your mouth and esophagus?

the top layer of cells can flake off

What is the importance of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract?

cilia sweep and clean trachea

What could be the result of long term cigarette smoke?

cilia disappear leading to dirty mucus build up

five symptoms of inflammation.

1. heat

2. swelling

3. redness

4. loss of function

5. pain

describe the mucus membrane

structure: epithelium resting on loose connective tissue

location: any body opening to the outside world

function:absorption and secretion

What tissue type makes up the epidermis?dermis? hypodermis?

epidermis:stratified squamus epithelium

dermis:dense connective tissue (callogen and elastic)

hypodermis: adipose tissue a.k.a. fat

what are the functions of the hypodermis?

insulate and protect

nine functions of the skin

protect from 1-6 damage

1. mechanical

2. chemical

3. UV light/radiation

4. bacterial

5 dessication

6. thermal

7. produce Vit.D

8. excretion

9. regulate temperature

*sensation

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells

rickets

a childhood disease where the bones do not calcify due to lack of vitamin D or calcium

What happens when calcium levels are too low? too high?

too low: osteoclasts eat bone to retrieve calcium

too high:calcium deposits on the bones

what are the most important minerals stored in the bones

1. calcium

2. phosphorus

describe the funstion and special features of red and yellow marrow.

red:makes red blood cells, at birth all bone marrow is red

yellow: stores fat, can turn into red marrow if needed

describe the major features of a sarcomere

1. smallest unit of skeletal muscle capable of contracting

2. extends from Z disk to Zdisk

3. arranged in repeating units of actin and myosin

4. basic structural and funstional unit of skeletal muscle

During contraction what happens to the A band? I band? H zone? Z disk?

A band:stays the same

I band: shrinks

H zone: shrinks

Z disk: gets closer to other Z disk

A band

dArk band. length of one myosin. contains both actin and myosin

I band

lIght band. space between two myosin

H zone

space between two actin molecules

Z disk

defines the edge of each sarcomere. where the actin attach.

list the four major functions of the nervous system

1. sense chance

2. process input

3. interpret input

4. effect a response

axon

extends from cell body to another cell. sends info

dendrite

recieves info for nerve cell

interneuron

in spinal cord. connects affector to effector neuron.

motor neuron

connects to organs that carry out signal

myelin sheath

insulate axon

neuroglia

supporting cells for nerves

Neuron cell body

contains normal cell features such as a nucleus, DNA, RNA, ribosomes

nodes of ranvier

pinches in myelin sheath. rejumpstarts action potential (AP)

sensory neuron

5 senses

Schwann cell

most common support cells in the PNS

Resting membrane potential

negative inside positive outside

depolarization

sodium rushes in by sodium potassium pump. Potassium and Cl- leave the cell. Positive inside negative outside.

Repolarization

2 potassium rush into the cell for every three sodium that leave. Cl- diffuses into the cell. Negative inside positive outside.

How is the sodium potassium pump involved in the membrane potential of a neuron?

it moves sodium and potassium in and out of the cell changing the membrane potential/change of the cell

What is different about a reflex compared to other skeletal movements?

it is nonvoluntary

describe the 5 parts of the reflex arch.

1. sensory receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. association/interneuron

4. motor neuron

5. effector organ

Describe the major function of the autonomic nervous system.

control involuntary functions.

List the 8 functions of the Endocrine System.

1. reproduction

2. growth

3. development

4. stress

5. water balance

6. electrolyte balance

7. nutrient balance

8. metabolism

What is the importance of hormones?

maintain functions that occur slowly/homeostasis

How are hormones related to target tissue?

hormones only act on their target tissue

Why is the pituitary gland no longer called the "master gland?"

The hypothalmus gives the pituitary gland it's commands

anterior pituitary:LH

ovaries and testies; ovulation and sex hormones (testosterons)

Anterior pituitary:FSH

Ovaries and testies:egg and sperm production

Thyroid hormone

most body tissue: metabolism and rate at which glucose is burned

Parathyroid hormone

kidneys and bones: increase bone breakdown to increase calcium in the blood

Pancreas:glucagon

liver: increase blood glucose by increasing the breakdown of glycogen

what are three causes of diabetes mellitus

1. too little insulin

2. too few insulin receptors

3. defective insulin receptors

What is the scientific name for RBC's?

Erythrocytes

What is the primary function of RBC's?

carry oxygen to tissue

What is the secondary function of RBC's?

carry carbon dioxide away from tissue

What important molecule is carried by RBC's?

hemoglobin

Describe hemoglibin?

iron bearing, carry's oxygen and also binds with carbon dioxide

What is the scientific name for WBC's?

leukocytes

Leukocytes form...?

the basis of the body's immune system

Leukocytes can also...

locate areas of tissue damage

What happens when WBC's mobilize for action?

they recognize invaiders

What do leukocytes usually indicate?

an infection or something foreign

Antigen

something that the body recognizes as foreign

antobodies

the "recognizers" of foreign things

aggultition

binding of the antibodies causes RBC's to clump

Describe pulmonary circulation

blood goes to the lungs for gas excange and back to the heart

Track blood flow

1. sup/inferior vena cava

2. right atrium

3. tricuspid valve

4. right ventricle

5. pulmonary semi-lunar valve

6. pulmonary trunk

7. pulmonary artery

8. cappilary beds of lungs

9. left atrium

10. bicuspid valve

11. left ventricle

12. aortic semi-lunar valve

13. aorta

14. capillary beds of tissue

Function of peripheral circulation

1. deliver oxygen

2. remove carbon dioxide

3. deliver nutrients

Compare veins and arteries.

Veins: take blood to the hears, generally carry de-oxygenated blood, thin vessel walls, have valves.

arteries: carry blood away from the heart, generally carry oxygenated blood, thick vessel walls, no valves

The lymphatic vessels transport fluids that...

have escaped the blood vascular system back to the heart

Pathogen

harmful or disease causing microorganism

Vaccines

1. deliver dead/weakened pathogens.

2. promote memory B-cells

3. spare us most of the symptoms of the disease

The body's first line of defence

1. eyes: lysozomes in tears

2. momuth: cough/sneeze. lysozomes in salive

3. Traches and Bronchi: mucus and cilia trap pathogens and move them out of the body

4. stomach:acid

5. skin:barrier

What is another name for innate immunity

Non-specific immunity

Specific or non-specific. acid? antibody? B-cell? helpet T cell? inflammatory response? interleukin-1? mucus membrane? skin?

acid-NS

antibody-S

B cell-S

helper T cell-S

inflammatory response-NS

interleukin-1 -S

mucus membrane-NS

skin-NS

What do B cells produce/secrete?

antibodies

What stimulates B-cells?

helper T cells

Describe memory B cells.

patrol body looking for the same antigen

Describe secondary exposure

1. occurs when your body sees the same antigen another time

2. responds FAST

3. stimulates memory B cells to divine quickly

4. rapid production of antibodies

5. may destroy pathogen before symptoms develop

What is the direct effect of antibodies?

many antigens are bound together and inactivated by many antibodies

Describe antibodies.

secreted by B cells in response to an antigen. T or Y shaped

HIV Destroys:

helper T cells

AIDS debilitates a person by making them unable to...

1. fight infection

2. fight cancer

3. create helper T cells

Respiratory mucosa

rests on thin walled veins. Because of veins superficial location...frequent/profuse nosebleeds. In addition mucosa moistens air and traps bacteria/foreign debris. The ciliated cells create a current moving toward the throat.

Respiratory zones.

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, alveoli

what is the only site of gas exchange in the lungs?

alveoli

inspiration

contracting of diaphraghm and external intercostals expands the thoracic cavity causing air to go into the luings.

Expiration

relax inspiration muscles. Thoracic cavity shrinks and air goes out of the lungs.

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

Transported in plasma as the bicarbonate ion. A smaller amount is carried inside hemoglobin

What is the breathing center of the brain?

medulla

what is the most important stimuus to the medulla?

an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood/decreasing (acidic) ph of blood

Pulmonary ventilation

breathing

EXternal respiration

respiration that occurs between lungs and body Exterior

Respiratory gas transport.

oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange via blood

INternal respiration

occurs Inside the body in the cells

What are two locations of carb. digestion?

mouth, small intestine

What are the two enzymes that digest carbohydrates called?

salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase

What organ is HCl released into?

stomach

What type of cells release hydrochloric acid?

parietal cells