Y9 EOY Geography Flash Cards

In all low income countries across the world today, how many girls finish primary school?

60%

Where does the majority of the world population live

Middle income countries

In the last 20 years the proportion of people living in extreme poverty worldwide has

almsot halved

What is the life expectancy of the world

70

How many children will there be in the year 2100 according to the United Nations

2 billion

Why does the UN predict that by 2100 the population would have increased by 4 milion

There will be more adults (15 - 74)

How did the number of deaths / year from natural disasters change over the last hundred years?

Decreased to less than half

Roughly what is the world population spread across continents of 7 billion?

1 billion in America
1 billion in Europe
1 billion in Africa
4 billion in Asia and Oceania

How many of the worlds 1 year olds have been vaccinated against a diseas?

80%

Worldwide 30 yr old men have spent 10 yrs in school, how many years have women of the same age spent?

9

tigers, giant pandas, and black rhinos were listed as threatened in 1996 since then how many have been critically endagered

2

How many people have access to electricity?

80%

global experts predict that over the next 100 years the temperature will

get warmer.

What siteh current global wealth distribution?

1 billion earn 0 to 2$ a day
3 billion earn 2 to 8$ a day
2 billion earn 8 to 32$ a day
1 billion earn 32$+ a day

What is the brandt line

differentiating the rich north and poor south, made in 1980s

what is the factfulness quiz and when was it made

2018, aimed to show that our world was doing better than expected because of extreme news being focused on in the press.

Water aid

Non governmental organisation classed as bottom down aiming to improve sanitation and water quality

Bottom up

Community-based, small-scale, cheaper, simple projects

Top down

Government-led, large-scale, expensive projects often involving TNCs, complex designs, and aimed at boosting a country's economy.

Case study of Manzese, Tanzania

WaterAid collaborated with locals to establish wells, decreasing wait times for safe water access from 5 miles to 5 minutes.

Case study in Turichipali, India

2/5 lack safe toilets, causing disease. Working with Gramalaya, built child-friendly toilets, but cramped spaces cause fear.

Richter magnitude scale

Measures power of earthquake in terms of its magnitude (Mw) 1-9. Objective

Mercalli scale

Measure of damage caused by earthquake I-XII. Subjective

When do earthquakes happen?

Tectonic faults when friction prevents plates form moving past each other. Pressure builds up behind. Release of this pressure in a jolt is an earthquake

Fault

Boundary between 2 plates where earthquakes occur

4 different plate boundaries

constructive / divergent
destructive
collision
transform/conservative

Constructive / divergent plate boundaries

Powered by uplifting mantle (source of magma)
Shield volcanoes
Small earthquakes

Oceanic plates push away from each other

Destructive plate boundary

Denser oceanic plate subducts under continental plate, because of pressure strato volcanoes erupt.

Large Earthquakes

Collision plate boundary

Continental plates push against each other.

Earthquakes
no volcanoes because there is no source of magma

Conservative / transform plate boundary

2 plates slide across each other

Earthquakes
No volcanoes because there is no source of magma
San andreas fault line

Timeline of an earthquake

1. Tectonic plates try to slide past eachother

2. Friction causes plates to stick to eachother

3. Huge amounts of pressure build up

4. Plates suddenly jolt past eachother

5. Shockwaves radiate from epicentre

6. After shocks occur hours and days later

Myanmar earthquake

• EQ - 7.7Mw

• Aftershocks 4.5 - 6.5Mw

Where is the epicentre

a point on the Earth's surface directly above where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates

focus

e point underground where the earthquake originates, the place where the seismic waves begin

shockwaves

energy released by earthquake causing vibrations

seismograph

instrument used to record shockwaves from an earthquake

seismogram

graph produced by a seismograph to show shockwaves

primary wave (p wave)

push and pull motion
longitudinal

Very fast
Travel through solid, gas and liquid
Minimal damages, less than S waves

secondary wave (s wave)

Wavy, up and down
Transverse

Fairly slow
Travel through gas, solid
Heavily damaging, more than P waves

Love wave (L wave)

Side to side snaking
Transverse on a different plane

Slower than P + S waves but faster than R waves
Travel through solids
Very destructive

Rayleigh wave (r wave)

Rolling wave
Moves like an ocean circular particle motion

Irrelevent, slower than all
Travel through solids
Most destructive

When were they introduced?

2015 by the united nations

What did the SDGs aim to do?

Aimed to bring nations closer together and prevent future conflict following WWII

What is Bhutan’s way of measuring development

Gross national happiness

What are the 17 SDGs

1. No poverty

2. 0 hunger

3. Good health and well-being

4. Quality education

5. Gender equality

6. clean water

7. affordable and clean energy

8. decent work and economic growth

9. industry, innovation and infrastructure

10. reduced inequalities

11. sustainable cities

12. responsible consumption and production

13. climate action

14. life below water

15. life on land

16. peace

17. partnership

What are the problem with the SDGs

They encourage countries to take action but aren’t legally binding, only monitored at UN meetings

How can achieve clean water and sanitation?

Civil society organisations need to work to keep government accountable, invest in water research and development and help smaller struggling countries.

How can we achieve gender equality?

For women - Stay in school and empower friends to fight for a right to services
For men - Work along-side women to achieve gender equality and embrace healthy respectful relationships.

Define globalisation.

The increased interconnectedness and interdependence between countries, economically, socially, culturally and politically.

What is a TNC?

Trans-national corporation, large companies located globally, can be called the drivers of globalisation. Eg. Nike

What is offshoring?

Companies moving their processes to locations overseas.

What is onshoring?

Companies contracting existing companies in a country to do their processes.

Why may companies offshore or outsource?

Cheaper labor costs, access to more markets/

Where are the majority of US imports from?

South-East Asian countries such as China and Vietnam

What is the largest source of clothing and how much were the clothing imports?

China, 29.6 billion dollars worth of clothing imports in 2014.

Name an example of cultural globalisation.

McDonalds, an American fast food chain which spread into many countries, diffusion of culture through food.

How does the development of planes increase globalisation?

Development of planes can help the ease of travel across countries. Quicker travel for tourism and migration allowing the spread of culture. Additionally it's easier for business people to make deals in other countries. This is economic globalisation.

How has the development of container ships increased globalisation?

Ships represent complex international trading. Cargo ships ship goods efficiently and cheaply, leading to a more widespread spread of economic goods. Political ties of trade agreements reinforce globalisation politically.

How does the development of the internet increase globalisation?

Internet helps international communications between companies, additionally ease of online shopping, someone in the US could be shopping on a German website and have it delivered to them. Emailing also eases communications between businessmen.

How do TNC's increase globalisation?

By expanding to other countries they force these countries to be more interconnected through trade, business, communications and spread of culture.

3 stats on containerisation.

- $4Tn worth of products transported today

- Moves 95% of the worlds goods around.

- Average cost of a TV to ship to the USA from China is $2

Why is containerisation used so widely?

As they just load the containers onto tracks and trains without repackaging it is cheaper. Additionally, the transport costs are reduced by at least 75% due to more competitive pricing when competing with cheaper countries and economies of scale, larger amount of items smaller the travel cost.

Wat is the order in which a clothing product is produced and give an example of where it could be in.

1. Raw materials are ordered and sent to the country. Uzbekistan

2. Parts are cut, dyed and sent to another country. China

3. Final product is assembled, stitched and packaged. Bangladesh

4. The product is shipped to the country of sale and sold in high street stores. UK

5. The company conducts market research and advertises to improve its brand image. India

6. Product is redesigned and tested at headquarters. USA

What is the fortune500?

Top 500 global companies.

What is the trend in the Fortune 500 over the last 20 years?

In the last 20 years fortune 500 companies have become less western, moving towards asian countries like China.

Explain how TNC's can cause globalisation?

Trans national corporations spread connections around the world outsourcing to other countries further strengthening their bonds. This is where companies such as Apple contract existing companies in other countries to help with their processes/. This drives globalisation by having 2 countries benefiting from each other spreading products culturally and politically creating stable bonds.

When did Kraft take over Cadbury?

2010

How much did Kraft pay to takeover Cadbury?

$18 billion

When was Cadbury founded and by who?

1879, John Cadbury

What are Quakers and how do they link to the takeover?

They are a Christian religious group influencing the Cadbury family and their business, particularly their ethical approach to managing the company and emphasis on worker wellbeing. However with the takeover of Cadbury, it would become a large TNC craving for money, the business ethics and famous traditions would be ruined and the Quaker heritage gone.

What are mergers and acquisitions?

When 2 companies join together to increase profits.

What is the product portfolio?

Range of products produced by a company.

Name some strengths of the Kraft acquisition of Cadbury.

Higher profits

Research and development facilities in Bournville as a new production line.

Addition of the chocolate inventor jobs.

25 to 250 jobs in Bournville research

Name some opportunities of the Kraft acquisition of Cadbury.

Reduced costs of production after moving production lines to Poland

Different collaborations with other Mondelez companies.

Name some threats of the Kraft acquisition of Cadbury.

Protests around the UK, tarnishing the brand name in controversy

Legal cases against Kraft

Possibly more factories to be shut down

Potential decline of local employment opportunity after ruining the Quaker heritage.

Name some weaknesses to the Kraft acquisition of Cadbury

Change in taste of chocolate

Sommerdale factory had 400 jobs cut and eventually closed even after Kraft promised to keep jobs.

Bournville bar made in Poland

0 hour contract, no guarantee of amount of work.

Greenwashing - pretending they are more sustainable than they really are

What is cocoa life?

It's mondelez's version of fairtrade aimed as an international sustainability program to ensure that their cocoa is "made right"

What does Mondelez aim to do with cocoa life?

Mondelez aims to use cocoa sourced from cocoa life in all its brands by 2025.

What issues does cocoa life tackle?

Tackles cocoa farmer challenges such as gender equality, climate change and poverty

How has cocoa life improved communities?

In Ghana for example, Cocoa life have gave solar powered lights for a cheap and stable light source so they can continue working and studying during night time. Additionally they were given hybrid seedlings which grow quicker thus there will be a bigger harvest and the farmers can earn more.

What is greenwashing?

The act of making false statements about the environmental benefits of a product.

What is fairtrade?

It's a movement ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for farmers, it also supports sustainable farming methods.

How does fair trade benefit farmers?

Small scale producers of goods can group together into cooperatives and deal directly with the retailers, the retailers pay slightly more meaning growers receive more from their products.

What percentage of the money goes to the 6 main jobs when coffee is sold by fairtrade?

UK - Retailers 32%

UK - Processors 38%

UK - Shippers 5%

Kenya - Exporters 8%

Kenya - Traders 10%

Kenya - Growers 7%

What percentage of money goes to Kenyans and people from the UK when coffee is sold by fairtrade, what does this show?

Kenyans earn 25% whilst people of the UK earn 75%. This shows us that even with fairtrade, developed countries profit much more compared to emerging countries, uneven relationship.

What are 4 benefits of fairtrade?

Fairtrade premium - can vote on what to use money on as a cooperative

Promoting sustainable practices so the environment can be protected

Teaching farmers with workshops how to make homemade fertilisers eg.

Food security - certainty that you'll receive enough food

Poverty in 1800s

Most people were poor and unhealthy, only European countries were middle income.
Colonised countries stuck in low income whilst European colonisers were rising.
Industrial revolution

Poverty in 1900s

Lots of European countries have developed and moved along, quite healthy and rich.
Spanish flue and HIV arrived
Later on Asian countries rose with a more widespread in wealth and health

Povertiy in 200s

Most countries in the middle class
European and American at the top
Asian countries rising quickly
Africa still at the bottom

Internal inequalities heavily present

poverty

not being able to afford basic human needs, such as water, food, healthcare, clothing and shelter. But we cannot identify a whole country as suffering from poverty, only specific areas.

causes of poverty

rising cost of fuel, water shortages, desertification, climate change, urbanisation, migration, disease and war

To develop

make something better by focusing on peoples quality of lives and places improving

political development

development of a political system in a country. vote for leaders in freedom of speech. democratic. in less developed countries people may not get to vote or have their say.

economic development

development in riches, supply of money within a place and amount of money people have . More economically developed have higher wages and better job opportunities.

social development

making peoples lives better, socially developed countries where needs are met. Healthcare.

physical development

basic necessities such as food and water, good diet, nutrition and supply of water , growing up strong and healthy. Less developed countries have malnutrition and no access to water, poor health.

GDP / capita

wealth shared out equally among the people of the country

Life expecttancy

average number of years a person can expect to live

people per doctor

number of patients divided by number of doctors

birth rate

number of births per year per 1000 people