Procedure B: Organ Systems

integumentary system

function is protection, contains the skin and accessory organs

skin

composed of the epidermis and dermis

accessory organs

hair, nails, etc.

skeletal system

functions are support and protection; contains the bones and ligaments

bones

in the head, torso, and limbs

ligaments

connect bones to bones

muscular system

function is movement; contains the skeletal muscles and tendons

skeletal muscles

allow voluntary movements

tendons

connect muscles to bones

nervous system

functions are detecting changes, interpreting sensory information, and stimulating muscles and glands; contains the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

brain

within the cranial cavity

spinal cord

extends through the vertebral canal/spinal cavity

nerves

conduct impulses into and from the brain and spinal cord

endocrine system

function is secreting hormones; contains the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus

pituitary gland

attached to the base of the brain

thyroid gland

located on the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx

parathyroid glands

four glands embedded on the posterior thyroid gland

adrenal glands

located superior to the kidneys

pancreas (endocrine)

most is located in the LUQ, influences blood sugar

ovaries

in females, produce reproductive hormones

testes

in males, produce testosterone

pineal gland

small gland within the brain

thymus

within the mediastinum

cardiovascular system

function is transporting gases, nutrients, and wastes; contains the heart, arteries, and veins

heart

muscular pump for blood

arteries

transport blood away from the heart

veins

transport blood back to the heart

lymphatic system

functions are producing and housing immune cells and returning tissue fluid to blood; contains the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

lymphatic vessels

carry lymph fluid

lymph nodes

located along lymphatic vessels and contain leukocytes that help fight infections

spleen

large organ in the LUQ

respiratory system

function is gas exchange between air and blood; contains the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

nasal cavity

superior to the mouth cavity

pharynx (respiratory)

passage for air superior to the larynx

larynx

located in the anterior neck and houses the vocal cords

trachea

tube between the larynx and bronchi

bronchi

airway tubes within the lungs

lungs

large organs within the thoracic cavity

digestive system

functions are food breakdown and absorption; contains the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

mouth

contains tongue and teeth

tongue

for food manipulation

teeth

for biting and chewing food

salivary glands

secrete salive into the mouth

pharynx (digestive)

passageway for food superior to the esophagus

esophagus

tube from the pharynx to the stomach

stomach

located between the esophagus and small intestine, in the LUQ

liver

produces bile in the RUQ

gallbladder

stores bile in the RUQ

pancreas (digestive)

produces digestive enzymes, mostly in the LUQ

small intestine

tube from the stomach to the large intestine

large intestine

tube from the small intestine to the anus

urinary system

function is removing liquids and wastes from blood; contains the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

kidneys

two large urine-forming organs in the upper abdominopelvic cavity

ureters

tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

urinary bladder

pelvic organ that stores urine

urethra (urinary)

tube from the urinary bladder to the external opening

male reproductive system

function is sperm production; contains the scrotum, testes, penis, and urethra

scrotum

encloses the testes

testes

produce sperm and hormones

penis

external reproductive organ

urethra (male reproductive)

transports semen and urine

female reproductive system

functions are egg production and fetal development; contains the ovaries, uterine tubes (oviducts and fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina

ovaries

produce eggs and hormones

uterine tubes

transport eggs

uterus

muscular organ in the pelvis that is the structure for fetal development

vagina

tube from the uterus to the external opening