Fae-bulous AP Euro Study Guide (Semester 2, Continuously Updated)

Currently includes: Unit 7, 8, 9

Crimean War

1853-1856

Russia wants to take land from the Ottoman Empire (sick man of Europe)

Russia defeated by France, Britain, and Ottomans

Exposed Russian weakness and their lack of progress

Kicked off an era of reform in Russia

Alexander II

“Tsar Liberator” - Liberated the serfs

Reformer

Assassinated by the People’s Will (Marxists)

His assassination led to the return of repression under Alexander III

Bloody Sunday

1905

Peaceful protesters massacred by the Tsar’s forces

Triggered a revolution that converted Russia into a constitutional monarchy (Nicholas II forced to create the Duma)

Duma

Russian legislative body that shared power with Tsar Nicholas II

Dissolved and subsequently became a puppet of the Tsar after they began radical reform

Kulturkampf

1870-1878

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church due to Pope Pius IX’s revival of “papal infallibility,” which threatened the German state’s control over the people

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

Working class party founded in 1870s

Moderate socialism

Advocated for social and workplace reforms

Dreyfus Affair

HE WAS INNOCENT

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Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French Army, was falsely accused of treason and convicted of treason, exiled

Eventually pardoned by the French government

Zionism

Response to growing antisemitism in Europe

Wanted a Jewish state in Palestine

Founded by Theodor Herzl

Zollverein

Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between the various German states

Step towards German unification

Bismarck and “blood and iron”

Bismarck declared that the government would rule without parliamentary consent

“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions but by blood and iron”

*Military force > reform and peace*

Russian Revolution of 1905

Sparked by Bloody Sunday and the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war

Nicholas II forced to sign the **October Manifesto, which granted full civil rights and the establishment of the Duma**

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 to 1871, after which he became the Chancellor of Germany

Conservative Nationalist

Led Prussia to victory against Austria and France, important to note he doctored the war against France by editing a telegram

Responsible for the creation of the **German Empire (1871)**

Benjamin Disraeli

British Prime Minister

Bought controlling interest in Suez Canal

Named Queen Victoria the Empress of India

Extended voting rights to the rich middle class to strengthen Conservative Party

Napoleon III

President of France

Led a coup against the democratic government

Declared himself Emperor and ushered in the **Second French Empire**

France prospered under him for two decades

Pankhurst

Leader of the Suffragette movement in Britain

Violence to achieve women’s right to vote

Smashing windows, bombs, hunger strikes

Cavour

Leading figure in Italian Unification

“the Brain”

Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Agreement with the popular Garibaldi led to the creation of the **Kingdom of Italy**

Became the newly unified Italy’s first Prime Minister

Garibaldi

Italian nationalist soldier and leader

“the Action Guy” behind Italian Unification

Conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicillies and united southern Italy

Handed over his conquered lands to Piedmont-Sardinia to unite Italy

Wilhelm (William) I of Germany

Became King of Prussia in 1861

Army reformer, increased army size

First Kaiser of the German Empire following German Unification (1871)

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Second Kaiser of the German Empire from 1890 to 1918

Young, idealistic, unstable

Opposed and fired Bismarck

Made Germany militaristic and expansionist

Social reform

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy

Rising nationalism in Hungary, which was controlled by Austria

Creation of a dual-monarchy (between Austria and Hungary) gave more autonomy to Hungary

Austrian Empire became the **Austro-Hungarian Empire**

Romanticism

Response to Enlightenment art, Industrial Revolution

Emphasis on nature, emotion, irrational aspects of humanity

Nationalism, emotional portrayal of the people of the nation

Realism

Real people and real lives, typically depicts the working class and rural peasants

Impressionism

Focused on the impression the art has on your mind

Use of light, individual strokes

Looks more like a sketch than a finished painting

Post-Impressionism

Reaction to Impressionism

More extreme or experimental in style (basically evolved Impressionism)

Incorporated inner feelings and personal statements

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*Example:*

*In “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grand Jatte," the artist utilized individual dots as opposed to individual strokes*

Expressionism

Emotions expressed in the painting

Meant to “bring something out”

Cubism

Abstract combinations of shapes and colors

Breaks from geometric perspective

Surrealism

Influence of Freud and his theories on the repressed subconscious

Images that seem weird, surreal, and based on something that might be in a dream

Sigmund Freud

Pioneer behind psychoanalysis

Id, ego, superego

Trauma and otherwise unpleasant memories hidden away in the subconscious

Id, ego, superego

Id - Instincts, human desires, lust

Ego - Reason

Superego - Conscious

New Imperialism (Africa)

British and French invade and subjugate Egypt in order to capture the Suez Canal

King Leopold II of Belgium established the Congo Free State (Human rights atrocities ensue)

Scramble for Africa

Berlin Conference of 1885 carves up the entire continent between the major European powers, **except for Ethiopia and Liberia**

British get Egypt, Sudan, South Africa

French get West Africa

Germany gets colonies in South West (Cameroon) and South East Africa (Tanzania), despite Bismarck originally being against colonialism

Technological advances make the conquering easy

New Imperialism (Asia)

Foreign powers have **spheres of influence** in China (then under the Qing dynasty)

Due to the Opium Wars, Britain had taken control of Hong Kong

The Qing empress endorses the Boxer rebellion against foreign powers, an eight nation alliance defeats it

Fall of the Qing in 1911

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British colonization of India had left its local economy in shambles, poverty was widespread, education mostly reserved for the British upper class

Decembrist Revolt

1825

After the Napoleonic Wars, Russian military officers, inspired by the French Revolution, led an uprising in order to implement Enlightenment ideas and constitutionalism in Russia

Crushed by Tsar Nicholas I

Napoleon III and changes to the city of Paris

Redesigned in a way to make uprisings harder to organize

Allowed for the mobilization of troops into the city by the use of wide boulevards

Parks were also built

Pasteur and Lister

Scientists who sought to improve sanitation and awareness of germs and bacteria, London’s cholera outbreak was a result of such uncleanliness which produced contaminated water

Causes of WW1

Militarism (German navy buildup, large standing armies)

Alliances: Central Powers/Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) and the Entente (Britain, France, Russia)

Nationalism

Imperialism (African colonies, desire to gain more land in Europe)

Assassination (Franz Ferdinand in Bosnia)

German Plans for WW1

Quickly invade France through Belgium and defeat it before Russia can mobilize, and then defeat Russia (failed at the First Battle of the Marne, Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war)

New Technologies

Led to massive troop losses due to outdated strategies clashing with modern warfare

Machine Guns

Artillery

Gas

Tanks

Barbed Wire

Submarine (U-boat)

Trench Warfare

Stalemate in which both sides dig in trenches and fight over a thin strip of No Man’s Land, characterized by heavy bombardment of artillery, trauma, high casualties, “going over the top”

(look up “warhorse trench scene” on youtube for an example)

Total Warfare

Every part of society is mobilized for the war

Defined by the Homefront, whereas civilian society contributes via rations, serving in factories, and being faced with propaganda

Russian Revolution causes

Political: Tsar is absolute monarch, restricts rights, puppets the weak Duma (representative body)

Economic: Russia under heavy food shortages due to war and mismanagement, peasants are largely poor besides the middle class kulaks. Industrialization created a large, oppressed working class

Social: Inequality, similar to France pre-revolution

Russian Revolution aftermath

Provisional Government established following the February Revolution, led by Kerensky, opts to continue the war

Bolsheviks (with the slogan peace, land, and bread) take power after the October Revolution, start a civil war (Red v Whites), end World War I after losing a bunch of land (Brest-Litovsk), declare the creation of the Soviet Union

Russian Civil War: The poorly-organized and extremely diverse White Army vs. the disciplined and organized Red Army (led by Trotsky), Allies supported the Whites, the Reds had no outside help, the Reds win

World War One outcomes

Big Four (USA, Britain, France, Italy) ultimately have Germany sign the Treaty of Versailles despite Woodrow Wilson’s mostly pacifist 14 points

Germany blamed, forced to pay ludicrous reparations that it couldn’t afford, stripped of territory, left the people humiliated and in need of someone to blame (“stabbed in the back” theory)

Austria-Hungary partitioned, new states such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia created

Unable to be signed by the USA due to Republican v Democrat divide

Weimar Republic and issues

New democratic German government

Weak, unstable, poor, high inflation, terrible economy (especially after Great Depression)

Defaulted on debts, France occupied the Ruhr as a result

These conditions allowed for the rise of Hitler and Nazism

Soviet Union post-Civil War

Lenin introduces New Economic Policy (NEP) that allows for limited capitalism to revitalize the economy, and then dies

Stalin takes over, enacts collectivization and industrialization under the Five Year Plan, causes famine and many purges (killing of people suspected of treason), kulaks especially targeted in purges

Women reduced to their domestic roles again in an effort to raise the birth rate

Prisoners often sent to Gulags (concentration camps), and other arrested by the Secret Police (Cheka and later the KGB)

Modern propaganda

Radio - Nazis distributed to all Germans to reach every household with their message, FDR uses radio to reach every American

Film - Display fiery depicts of the military, the nation, and invoke a sense of pride

Rise of Totalitarianism

Mussolini - Blackshirts, March on Rome

Hitler - Takes advantage of poor life in the Weimar Republic and the unemployed, easily radicalized young men to form a loyal and oppressive voter base (Brownshirts, SA), eventually **wins elections** and seizes power via the Enabling Act of 1933 following the Reichstag Fire

New theories post WW1

Resulted in Age of Anxiety

Freud - Psychoanalysis, humans naturally irrational

Nietzsche - Rejection of the idea of a Creator, humans have no purpose

Heisenberg, Einstein, Fermi - Nuclear breakthroughs, first reactors and the groundwork for the atomic bomb

New Art post-WW1

Cubism, Surrealism, Dadaism, all focused on chaos, uncertainty, irrationality, and/or the subconscious mind

Bauhaus - New architecture movement in Germany, streamlines and orderly structures that displayed little emotion

Women during and after WW1

Replaced men in many industries, demanded more rights (the New Woman)

Suffrage in many nations, including USA and Britain

The Balkans prior to WW1

Ottoman Empire controlled most of this region, however lost most of its Balkan territory due to various independence movements (Greece) and wars (Balkan League v Ottomans).

The gradual departure of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans brought forth new states such as Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria, and with it, rising nationalism

Bosnia was annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1905, sparking a harsh push-back from Serbia, led to Franz Ferdinand being assassinated.

German and British naval competition

German Empire begins expanding its navy

Britain, who relied on a powerful navy and a dominant colonial empire, responded with a buildup of its own

Ended any hope of isolating France, as it pushed Britain and France closer together with the shared hatred of Germany

Wilson and his 14 points

Strove to maintain peace in Europe with a “peace without victory'“ (Germany would not be punished)

Self-determination, sparked a rise in calls for independence from colonial rule

League of Nations: Cooperation to prevent more wars (USA doesn’t join due to Democrats and Republicans clashing over the Treaty of Versailles, Senate doesn’t want to lose the ability to declare war)

Failed to implement most of the intended goals due to the victors in Europe (mainly France) wanting revenge on Germany

Know Your Geography!

https://www.jetpunk.com/quizzes/countries-of-europe-quiz

French Revolution and Protestant Reformation Review

Gloss over some of the flashcards about the French Revolution, Humanism, and Protestantism here

https://knowt.io/flashcards/840b9708-42ff-4dc9-a0a0-7ff9a4648518

Start of the Cold War

Yalta, Potsdam: Big Three (Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt/Truman) agree to have free elections throughout Europe

Stalin refuses to hold elections, communist puppet states established throughout Eastern Europe

Germany and Berlin split between West and East blocs, West Berlin blockaded in an attempt to force the West out of Berlin, fails due to the Berlin Airlift (bringing supplies in by air instead of land)

USA adopts the Truman Doctrine, will support any nation against a perceived communist threat (Greece, Turkey are the first ones to be aided)

Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall to stop East Germans from fleeing to the West

**NATO** formed as a united Western military alliance, Soviets respond with the **Warsaw Pact**

Highlights of the Cold War

USA (more specifically, the CIA) meddles in many nations to preserve its influence (Iran - CIA-backed coup against democratic gov. in order to maintain control of oil, same thing in Guatemala but for bananas)

Korean War - UN and USA defend the South against the communist North, stalemate

Vietnam War - France abandons colony in Asia, USA intervenes on behalf of the ‘democratic’ south, but fails to defeat the communist north

All major powers (mainly USA and USSR) on Earth begin stockpiling weapons (Arms Race), especially nuclear weapons, leads to MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

Cuban Missile Crisis - USSR places missiles in Cuba, threatens USA, **almost** leads to WW3, Soviets eventually pull out in exchange for USA pulling their missiles out of Turkey

End of the Cold War

Detente, USA and USSR become less hostile towards each other, however the USSR reignites the Cold War with the war in Afghanistan and the USA fuels it with Reagan and his anti-communism

Gorbachev comes into power, ends the tensions, begins to reform the Soviet Union

Revolutions of 1989 across Eastern Europe, communism falls (peacefully in all nations except Romania), Germany is reunified

Hardliners coup Gorbie, but the coup fails. However, Yeltsin and other powerful figures dissolve the Soviet Union and Gorbachev is forced to resign

Yugoslavia descends into civil war

Czechoslovakia splits into Czech Republic and Slovakia

Post-Cold War tension

Chechnya - Muslims in Russia declare independence, start two brutal wars in the 90’s and 2000’s

Ireland - The Troubles see armed groups (IRA) use terrorism to try and unify Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, end with the Good Friday Agreement and Ireland maintains the status quo

Yugoslav Wars see widespread atrocities on both sides, especially during the Bosnian Genocide, in which Bosnian Serbs exterminate and brutally slaughter thousands of Muslim Bosniaks.

Marshall Plan

USA aid given towards Europe’s recover following WW2

De-Stalinization

Khrushchev (Stalin’s successor) liberalizes the Soviet Union, denounces Stalin

Sparks 1956 revolt in Hungary as they attempt to free themselves from oppression, crushed by Soviets

Czechoslovakia begins to reform (Prague Spring), but the Soviets invade in 1968 and end the reforms

20th Century Cultural Changes

Mainly a result of the horrors of war and Nazism

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Existentialism: Humanity must make their own purpose

Postmodernism: Discontent with objective knowledge

Second Wave Feminism: Women now have the right to vote, played large role in WW2, want cultural and economic liberation

Environmentalism: Antinuclear movement, governments sign treaties to limit greenhouse gas production (Kyoto)

Religion declines, but immigration means Islam grows

Baby Boom, massive population growth after WW2

Mass-consumerism, mass-marketing

Catholicism modernizes with the Second Vatican Council

European Unity

Begins with the **European Coal and Steel Community**, which eliminated tariffs, placed production under High Authority, doubled production

**European Economic Community (EEC)** aka the **Common Market**, elimination of trade barriers, common economic policies

**The European Union**, created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, governed by European Parliament and European Commission, Free Movement, One Currency, One Culture

Modern day troubles: Brexit, unity threatened by the rise of nationalism due to frustrations with immigration, Islamophobia