Final Exam- Animal Science

Cow-calf operation's primary goal is

reproductive efficiency

At how old do beef heifers begin breeding

15-24 months

At what age does a beef heifer have her first calf

2 years

How old is the calf when it is weaned

6-10 months or when they reach 4.5-7 cwt

What three ways can calves go after weaning

retaining as replacements, stocker/backgrounder or finishing

What happens when calves go to the stocker backgrounder

an optional stage where the calves are put on forages/roughages for cheap and stay there until they are about 9 cwt.

What characteristics are good to have in a replacement heifer

heavy weaning weights, maternal instincts, good fertility, ease in calving

What are the advantages of grass finishing

avoids metabolic issues, could be ABH free, no required feed every day, transportation isn’t needed, public perception is good.

What are the disadvantages of grass finishing

Rotation is needed, emissions produced by the cows, water usage is high, forage has to be planted, space is required, longer finishing time, lower quality carcass, may experience shrink/stress

What is the goal of a feedlot

accelerate gain as quickly as possible and have high-quality beef

What do cows usually eat at feedlots

not 100% grain, silage, and grain variation

What are the advantages of feedlot finishing

Stocking density, feed control, access/centralized, faster growth, economical

what are the disadvantages of feedlot finishing

labor is needed, higher rate of disease, transportation needs, public perception is low

Describe a commercial cattle operation

1000+ head and owned by companies

Describe farmer feeder cattle operations

What are the advantages of farmer feeder operations

able to grow their feeds, distribute labor well, and be very flexible

What are the advantages of commercial operations

management is done well, can custom feed the cattle

What is an EPD

Expected progeny differences; combines the performance of the individual with that of its relatives

What are the life stages of a dairy cow

calf→ heifer→cow→dry period→lactation

At what age are dairy calves weaned

about 6 weeks

at what age is a dairy heifer bred for the first time

about 15 months

at what age does a dairy heifer have her first calf

about 24 months

How long does lactation last in dairy cows

about 10 months

At what time in lactation does the cow reach peak milk production

about 60 days in

What is a dry period and how long does it last

when the cow is not milking, lasts about 60 days, and the cow is either pregnant or preparing to breed.

After how long is the cow bred again after lactation

60-90 days

What are the three different types of dairies

grazing, partial turnout, and conventional

What does calf housing look like

individual isolated housing that is called calf hutches, which helps with disease risk in the calves.

What is a free-stall barn

the type of barn we use today that has center isles as beds, and a feed alley; the cleanest and most comfortable for the cows.

What is a grazing dairy

when cows are fed on grass and are out in the field the majority of the time.

what is a partial turnout dairy

when the cows have some area outside and some area inside besides the milking parlor.

what is a conventional dairy

grain-fed cows that are on larger operations, what comes to mind when you think of a dairy

What type of dairies typically use a herringbone milking facility

Small dairies

What type of dairies typically use a parallel milking facility

Large operations

What type of dairies typically use a rotary milking facility

large operations that have good funding.

_____ farms in the US produce ____ of US pork

25, 40%

How is the US pork industry distributed

not many large farms but they produce most of the pork

How is the pork industry run

It's vertically integrated, one company owns ALL of the processes, and it's highly industrialized

What are the three phases of commercial hog production

Nursery, feeder pig, finishing

How old, and how big are the pigs in the nursery stage

They are 0-3 weeks old and they are about 15 lbs, usually still with their mothers

How old and how big are the pigs in the feeder pig stage

They are 3-9 weeks old and about 50 lbs, without their mothers

How old and how big are pigs in the finishing stage

9-23 weeks old, about 270 lbs, this results in a slaughter hog

What weight do piglets need to be born at to be the most likely to survive

3-3.5 lbs if they are less than 2 lbs they will likely not survive.

What is done to piglets at 1 day old

needle teeth are clipped, tails are docked

What is done to piglets at 2-3 days old

ear notching, iron injections

What is done to piglets at 1 week old

castration

When are piglets usually weaned

16-20 days and at about 15lbs

What is the number 1 reason for piglet death

crushing

When are small ruminants bred to have kids/lambs

about 12 months old

What kind of breeders are small ruminants

Short-day breeders meaning they breed from January to May

What affects rams' sperm

heat, they can have heat sterility since it is so heat-sensitive

What is very minimal in small ruminant repro

intervention, they are very good with natural service.

What is very common in small ruminants when having kids/lambs

Twins, resulting in greater repro efficiency

What is the ingestive behavior of goats

to browse, they eat almost anything

What is the ingestive behavior of sheep

to eat weeds, they don’t really browse

What is banding used for in small ruminants

For castration and docking tails

Which small ruminants are usually dehorned at a young age

goats

What sheep management technique is used in the spring

Shearing, especially in the warmer months

Why is foot trimming needed for small ruminants

to eliminate bacteria and foot rot; these can be treated with formaldehyde or copper solutions

What are the most common parasites for small ruminants

Hookworms and barber pole worm, are the #1 economic loss

How do you tell if a small ruminant has an internal parasite

By doing a famatcha scoring (anemia guide)

What is the BCS scale for small ruminants

1 to 5

What are the primary uses of horses

Pleasure/Trail Riding, dressage, lessons/training, natural horsemanship, breeding

Does twinning usually happen in horses

No, it's only 0.5% of pregnancies and is usually an emergency

What percentage of breeding is natural service in horses

89%

When and where do horses usually foal

in the barn, usually in the spring

How much roughage should equine have in their diet

1-2% of body weight or about 20 lbs

Can horses eat grain

They can, it should just be given in moderation, and split feedings (not all at once)

When do horses' hooves need to be trimmed

about every 4-12 weeks but it depends on the season and the horse

What holds 65% of the horse's weight

the front feet

What can be put on the horse's front feed to help with the pressure of their weight

Shoes, however, are expensive and regularly come off easily

what are the parts of a horse’s hoof

frog, hoof wall, white line, and the sole

What diseases/incidences do foals (< 6 months) usually get

digestive disorders

what diseases/incidents happen when a horse is 1-5 years old

injury, wound, or trauma

What diseases/incidences usually occur when a horse is 5-20 plus years old

lameness, leg, and hoof issues.

When should horses get vaccines

1-2 times yearly

What are the most common diseases in horses that they should get vaccinated for

West Nile, encephalomyelitis, rabies, and tetanus

What is a core vaccine

vaccines that ALL horses should get

What respiatory issues can horses have

strangles, influenza, and rinopneumenitis

What are ascarids

internal parasite that affects the small intestine

What are tapeworms

internal parasite that affects the large intestine and causes impactions

What are strongyles

bloodworms that are in the stomach

What are bots

flies that lay eggs on the legs/belly that turn into botflies and they burrow and become an internal parasite

What are pinworms

internal parasite that affects the colon and rectum, symptoms are irritation and tail rubbing

How can internal parasites be managed

with dewormers, can be seen in a fecal egg count, manure removal, lower stocking rates, pasture rotation

How do you care for horses' teeth

Float (file) their teeth 1 time yearly

At how old do you castrate foals

about 1 year or after testicles drop