Ch 9-14 Notes

Generated flashcards from ch 9-14 notes. Note: I don't think it covers every single topic.

Social Influence

The process through which individuals affect the attitudes, beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of others, which can result from the real or imagined presence of others.

Obedience

Changing behavior in response to an explicit request from someone with authority or power over you, leading individuals to do as they are commanded.

Compliance

Changing behavior in response to explicit requests from others, even without authority, causing individuals to do as others want.

Conformity

Changing behavior in response to explicit or implicit pressure from others, without a direct request, leading individuals to do as others do.

Unconscious (Automatic) Conformity

Involves automatic behavioral mimicry, where individuals unconsciously imitate the behaviors of others, especially when high in empathy or need for affiliation.

Conscious (Deliberate/Intentional) Conformity

Involves informational social influence, where individuals rely on others' comments/actions as an indication of what is correct, proper, or effective, leading to deliberate conformity.

Informational Social Influence

Reliance on others' behavior as valid information about what is appropriate, correct, or effective in a situation, often leading to internalization of majority opinions.

Normative Social Influence

Desire to avoid criticism or disapproval, using others' behavior as a guide to fit in and avoid social punishment, resulting in temporary public conformity without attitude change.

Reason-Based Compliance

Approaches like "door-in-the-face," "that's-not-all!," and "foot-in-the-door" that capitalize on the norm of reciprocity to influence compliance.

Emotion-Based Compliance

Involves positive mood and negative mood (guilt) approaches that leverage emotions to increase compliance in individuals.

Descriptive Norms

Objective descriptions of what most people do, indicating what is, while prescriptive norms suggest what people should do according to rules or traditions, indicating what ought to be.

Minority Influence

Occurs when a consistent minority opinion gradually changes the majority opinion, often through informational social influence rather than normative influence.

Descriptive Norms

Encouraging behavior by highlighting what others typically do.

Predictive Norms

Anticipating behavior based on what others are likely to do.

Obedience

Following commands or instructions from authority figures.

Milgram Experiment

A study on obedience where participants were asked to deliver electric shocks to others.

Experiment Procedure

The steps followed in the Milgram Experiment, involving a "teacher" shocking a "learner."

Replications

Repeating the Milgram Experiment with variations to study factors affecting obedience.

Reactance Theory

People act to reassert their rights when they feel their free will is threatened.

Social Exchange Theory

Seeking interactions with more rewards than costs.

Attachment Theory

Early relationships with caregivers shaping future relationships.

Adult Attachment Styles

Secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles in adults.

Similarity in Liking

Male college students rated liking of housemates, showing that as they got to know each other better, liking was predicted by similarity.

Bogus Stranger Paradigm

Participants rated a "bogus stranger" based on similarity, supporting the idea that the more similar the stranger was to the participant, the more they were liked.

Opposites Attract Myth

Research suggests that while complementary personality traits might work well together, similarity in various areas like personality traits, interests, and backgrounds is crucial for compatibility.

Interaction and Similarity

Zajonc et al. found that interaction promotes similarity, as seen in long-term couples who looked more alike over time due to shared experiences and environments.

Physical Attractiveness

The halo effect refers to the belief that attractive people possess positive qualities beyond physical appearance, influencing perceptions and interactions.

Evolutionary Perspective on Attractiveness

Symmetry in physical traits is linked to reproductive fitness, health, and genetic quality, impacting perceptions of attractiveness.

Gender Differences in Mate Preferences

Men and women may differ in what they find attractive, influenced by evolutionary factors, cultural norms, and individual preferences.

Romantic Relationships

Love can be characterized by companionate, compassionate, and romantic love, with passion playing a significant role in early relationship stages.

Investment Model of Commitment

Relational satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investments influence commitment in relationships, affecting their longevity and stability.

Intergroup Bias

Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination shape attitudes and behaviors towards different social groups, impacting social interactions and societal dynamics.

Ingroup/Outgroup

Groups independently engaged in activities to foster unity, unaware of each other, leading to conflict, prejudice, and bias.

Superordinate Goals

Having both groups work together towards a common goal, such as water supply, to reduce prejudice and increase cooperation.

Social Identity Theory

A person's self-concept and self-esteem are derived from personal identity, group accomplishments, and the motivation to view the ingroup favorably.

Stereotypes

Schemas about groups of people that can be useful for quick assessments but harmful when leading to biased judgments and negative interactions.

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Tendency to assume outgroup members are similar while perceiving ingroup members as diverse, influenced by limited interactions and stereotypes.

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming stereotypes about one's group leading to worsened performance due to increased arousal, distraction, and negative thinking.

Attributional Ambiguity

Uncertainty among stigmatized group members about whether treatment is due to personal factors or group membership, affecting self-esteem and behavior.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious associations affecting behaviors, such as shooting study results showing faster reactions towards armed black targets, influenced by stereotypes.

Concealment of Identity

Act of hiding some aspect of one's identity, which can lead to mental strain and reduced performance on subsequent tasks.

Contact Hypothesis

The idea that prejudice can be lessened by increasing contact between members of different groups.

Dimensions of Intergroup Contact

Conditions necessary for positive intergroup interactions, including equal status, shared goals, and a common ingroup identity.

Social Facilitation

The impact of the presence of others on individual performance, where the presence of others can either enhance or impede performance.

Groupthink

A thinking style where maintaining group unity is prioritized over critically evaluating facts, leading to flawed decision-making.

Group Polarization

The tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than individual decisions, often influenced by persuasive arguments and social comparison.

Leadership

Individuals within a group who possess skills, expertise, and social qualities that benefit the group and guide decision-making.

Power

The ability to control one's and others' resources, influencing behavior and perceptions, with high-power individuals showing less careful judgment and more focus on personal goals.

Deindividuation

A state of reduced individual identity and increased impulsive behavior in large groups, often leading to diminished responsibility and adherence to group norms.

Self-Awareness Theory

When individuals focus on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their behavior aligns with internal standards and values.

Individuation

Enhanced sense of individual identity achieved by focusing attention on oneself, leading to careful and deliberate actions in line with personal values.

Deindividuation

Psychological state where individuals lose self-awareness and act impulsively, potentially leading to behaviors like stealing.

Spotlight Effect

Overestimation of how much others notice and judge our appearance and actions, when in reality, they do so less than perceived.

Aggression

Any action with the intent to harm, categorized into hostile aggression driven by anger or instrumental aggression motivated by goals other than hostility.

Situational Determinants of Aggression

Factors like hot weather, media exposure, social rejection, and income inequality that influence aggressive behavior.

Dehumanization

Attributing nonhuman traits to outgroup members, making it easier to harm them, with human nature and uniqueness as key aspects.

Catharsis

The release of strong emotions like anger to purge oneself of inappropriate impulses, though evidence suggests it may not reduce aggression.

Culture of Honor

Societal norms emphasizing reputation and readiness to use violence in response to perceived insults, prevalent in regions like the US South.

Evolution and Aggression

Understanding aggression through evolutionary lenses, including inclusive fitness, violence in stepfamilies, and gender differences in aggressive behavior.

Justification

Providing reasons or explanations to support actions or beliefs, often to defend one's position or decisions.

Polarization

The process of dividing or causing people to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions.

Reactive devaluation

Attaching less value to an offer in negotiation simply because it was proposed by the opposing party.

Complexity of rhetoric

The varying levels of differentiation and integration in attitudes, beliefs, and arguments, ranging from simple to complex.

Empathetic Concern

Genuine feelings of empathy and compassion towards others, leading to altruistic behavior.

Prosocial Behavior

Any action that benefits another person, regardless of the motives behind the action.

Social Rewards

Praise, rewards, honors, or gratitude received from others as a result of prosocial actions.

Altruism

Unselfish behavior that benefits others without expecting anything in return, often driven by empathetic concern.

Bystander Effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help in the presence of others, often due to diffusion of responsibility.

Kin Selection

Evolutionary theory suggesting that behaviors that increase the survival of genetic relatives are favored by natural selection.

Reciprocal Altruism

The tendency to help others with the expectation of receiving help in return, promoting cooperation and mutual benefit.

Reciprocity in Animals

Vampire bats regurgitate blood for those who have shared with them, not for those who haven't (Wilkinson, 1990).

Food Sharing in Primates

Chimpanzees and bonobos share food and groom others who reciprocate, but not others (de Waal, 1996).

Meat Sharing in Humans

Hunter-gatherer societies share meat (Flannery & Marcus, 2012).

Cooperation in Humans

People are more likely to cooperate with those who have cooperated previously in prisoner dilemma studies (Rand et al., 2011).

Christmas Card Study

20% of strangers reciprocated by sending cards back when researchers mailed Christmas cards to them.

Decision Making in Cooperation

Cooperation involves relying on others for mutual needs and making decisions under uncertainty.

Prisoner's Dilemma Game

A game where individuals must decide to cooperate or betray their partner for personal gain.

Evolution of Cooperation

Tit-for-tat strategy in the prisoner's dilemma game promotes cooperation by reciprocating actions.

Social Influence

Understanding informational and normative social influence is crucial in social psychology.

Attachment Styles

Attachment styles are viewed as dimensional with anxiety and avoidance dimensions.

Communal relationships

Communal relationships involve giving and receiving based on "oneness," while exchange relationships focus on equity and reciprocity.