b6 carbs

carbohydrates for energy

strorage: starch

immediate use: glucose, fructose

carbohydrates for structure

cell walls: cellulose

exoskeleton: chitin in insects

organic molecules: part of the backbone of nucleic acids

carbohydrates for biological specificity

glucoseproteins: blood types

glycolipids: receptors fro bacterial and viral invasion

carbohydrates structure

hydrocarbon chain, ketone group, aldehyde group

in a cell would we find glucose in the linear, alpha ring, or beta ring structure

they move spontaneously between the three forms

some polymers of glucose are made of alpha rings (starch) and others (cellulose) are made of beta rings. How does a cell control that specificity of polysaccharide assembly?

enzymes; the specificity of active sites means that an enzyme is specific for the sugar it uses in anabolic reactions to build polysaccharides

how would we draw a Gibbs free energy graph for the reactions that shift the structure between linear, alpha ring, or beta ring structures

all with same G and almost no activation energy hurdles for transition states

polysaccharides 1A

starch (energy storage in plant cells), alpha 1,4-glycosidic linkage, unbranched and branched helix amylopectin

polysaccharides 1B

glycogen (energy storage in animal cells), alpha 1, 4- glycosidic linkage, highly branded helices caused by alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds

polysaccharides 2A

cellulose (energy storage in animal cells), beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage, parallel strands joined by hydrogen bonds

polysaccharides 2B

chitin (structural support), parallel strands joined by hydrogen bonds

peptidoglycan (structural support), perpendicular strands joined by peptide bonds

polysaccharides 3

glycoprotein in plasma membrane of red blood cells

same protein but different sugar giving specificity

communication and recognition