BIOL Exam 2`

diploid phase

phase of plant life cycle which produces a sporophyte

haploid spores

The sporophytes produced by the diploid phase produces this by meiosis

gametophyte

What is produced by the haploid spores produced by the sporophytes

gametes

what is produced by the gametophyte

diploid zygote

what is the result of the fusion of gametes during fertilization

Cellulose

What are the cell walls made of in organisms in kingdom plantae

algae

the most primitive plant type

Heteromorphic

the sporophyte and the gametophyte have a different overall appearance

Isomorphic

the sporophyte and the gametophyte have similar overall appearance

roots

• Land plants anchoring mechanism

• Primary nutrient uptake

Conducting vessels

(Xylem and Phloem) vessels that transport water, minerals, nutrients, and hormones throughout the plant

Lignin

a material that is added to the cell walls of “woody” plants

Lignin

increases the stiffness of the cells and allows better support for the leaves

Cuticle

a layer of waxy material or the epidermal layer of plants that helps prevent water loss or desiccation

Stomata

mechanism for gas exchange in plants

Stomata

openings in the surface of a leaf, which allow gas exchange but limits water loss

Bryophytes

Nonvascular plants

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants

Bryophytes

plants that did not develop all of the characteristics required for a complete terrestrial existence and therefore remain closely linked to water

Rhizoids

seen in non vascular plants, used as an anchoring and absorption method

Diffusion

non vascular plants rely on this to move water, nutrients, etc.

• this process limits size and where they can grow

Meristem cells

the cells that are in special regions that plants grow in

totipotent

undifferentiated embryonic cells that have not become specialized

Differentiated

Once plant cells mature they become _____ and usually don’t divide again

Apical meristems

cells at the root and shoot tips

primary growth

the growth that occurs at the apical meristem, continues throughout the life of a plant and is responsible for the increase in height of a plant

Lateral meristem

found in ring like structures

vascular cambium

ring like structures in dicots and conifers

secondary growth

occurs later in the life of a plant and is responsible for the thickening of branches and trunks

Dermal Tissue system

from the protoderm , outside covering

made up of epidermal tissue and periderm

Ground Tissue system

from the ground meristem, the inbetween stuff

composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma tissues

Vascular Tissue systemm

from the procambium, the pipes

made up of Xylem and Phloem

Epidermis

formed by the epidermal tissue, covers the outside of the plant

periderm tissue

arises from the cork cambium and replaces the epidermis in older woody stems, branches and trunks

Parenchyma cells

cells that function in storage or photosynthesis

photosynthesizers

in the shoots the parenchyma tissue are the main _________

storage tissue

in the roots the parenchyma tissue are the main ______ _____ for the plant

Collenchyma tissue

has elongated living cells with irregular thick walls that support and are tough but flexible

Sclerenchyma tissue

made up of dead cells with very thick walls that have added lignin, these cells provide strenght and support and are very hard

Xylem

conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant

tracheids

small diameter pipes with overlapping slanted ends

pits

located on the ends of the tracheid cells that allow water to pass from cell to cell

vesel elements

large diameter pipes whose cells meet end to end and the wall where the ends meets is either perforated or missing entirely

Phloem

conducts water, sugar, amino acids and hormones from some source to the rest of the plant or to a “sink”

Sieve tube elements

arranged similar to the xylem

end to end

sieve plate

the cell wall where two cells meet has holes in it and forms a structure called a ________ in the sieve tube elements

companion cells

since the cells of the sieve tube lost so many of their cellular components they are maintained and controlled by ___________

mesophyll

located in between the epidermal layers of a leaf

nodes

sites where cell groups are clustered

internodes

the intervals of space between two nodes on the same side of the stem

pith

the ground tissue that is inside the ring

cortex

the ground tissue outside the ring

vascular bundles

the inside of the dicot stem contains the ring of _______ and ground tissue

primary root

as a seed begins to grow this is the first root to emerge

taproot system

in dicots the primary roots turn into this which had one main root that all other roots branch off of

fibrous root system

in monocots the primary root is replaced by this which is composed of many roots of about equal size

root cap

roots grow by primary growth and the apical meristem cells are located underneath a layer of cell called

root hairs

the epidermis forms these to increase surface area

vascular cylinder

inside the endodermis where the xylem and phloem are located

pericycle

the layer of cells at the outer edge of the vasculalr cylinder

nutrients

materials required for life

macronutrients

nutrients that are needed in large quantities (> 1% od the plant’s dry weight)

micronutrients

group of nutrients is only needed in small amounts (<1% of the plant’s dry weight)

osmosis

diffusion of water across along a concentration gradient of free water molecules

bulk flow

water and dissolved minerals move from roots to stems and leaves by this process

cohesion

water within xylem tubes sticks together (by hydrogen bonds)

tension

water is pulled up by negative pressure

angiosperms

are plants that produce seeds that are enclosed in an ovary

antheridium

a structure in which male gametes develop.

conifers

gymnosperms that reproduce by means of seeds formed inside cones

pollen grains

tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells

ovules

structures within the ovaries of flowers inside which female gametophytes develop

gymenosperms

plants whos seeds are not encased in an ovary

angiosperms

flowering plants whose seeds are incased within ovaries

dicots

have flowers in multiples of four or five

sporophyte

the multicellular diploid form of the flowering plants

stamen

the male reproductive structure of flowers

germination

term that describes the process whereby the embryonic plant has grown large enough to break out of the seed and form a seedling

megaspore

produced by meiosis which eventually gives rise to an egg in an unfertilized seed