Chapter 1 Levels of organization + systems of human body

atom

smallest unit of matter that combines to form chemicals

chemical

substance with distinct molecular composition

organelle

structural units within cells that have specific functions

cell

basic structural unit of living organisms

tissue

group of cells working together to perform a function

organ

group of tissues working together to perform a function

organ system

group of organs working together to perform a function

organism

group systems working together (human body)

integumentary major organs

Skin.

Hair.

Sweat glands.

Nails.

integumentary functions

Protects against environmental hazards.

Helps regulate body temperature.

Provides sensory information.

skeletal major organs

Bones.

Cartilages.

Associated ligaments.

Bone marrow.

skeletal functions

Provides support and protection for other tissues.

Stores calcium and other minerals.

Forms blood cells.

muscular major organs

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons.

muscular functions

Provides movement.

Provides protection and support for other tissues.

Generates heat that maintains body temperature.

nervous major organs

Brain.

Spinal cord.

Peripheral nerves.

Sense organs.

nervous functions

Directs immediate responses to stimuli.

Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems.

Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.

endocrine major organs

Pituitary gland.

Thyroid gland.

Pancreas.

Adrenal glands.

Gonads.

Endocrine tissues in other systems.

endocrine functions

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body.

Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

cardiovascular major organs

Heart.

Blood.

Blood vessels.

cardiovascular functions

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.

lymphatic major organs

Spleen.

Thymus.

Lymphatic vessels.

Lymph nodes.

Tonsils.

lymphatic functions

Defends against infection and disease.

Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

respiratory major organs

Nasal cavities.

Sinuses.

Larynx.

Trachea.

Bronchi.

Lungs.

Alveoli.

respiratory functions

Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs).

Provides oxygen to bloodstream.

Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream.

Produces sounds for communication.

digestive major organs

Teeth.

Tongue.

Pharynx.

Esophagus.

Stomach.

Small intestine.

Large intestine.

Liver.

Gallbladder.

Pancreas.

digestive functions

Processes and digests food

Absorbs and conserves water.

Absorbs nutrients.

Stores energy.

urinary major organs

Kidneys.

Ureters.

Urinary bladder.

Urethra.

urinary functions

Excretes waste products from the blood.

Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced.

Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.

Regulates blood ion concentrations and p H.

male reproductive major organs

Testes.

Epididymis.

Ductus deferentia.

Seminal vesicles.

Prostate gland.

Penis.

Scrotum.

male reproductive functions

Produces sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones

Sexual intercourse.

female reproductive major organs

Ovaries.

Uterine tubes.

Uterus.

Vagina.

Labia.

Clitoris.

Mammary glands.

female reproductive functions

Produces sex cells (oocytes) and hormones.

Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.

Provides milk to nourish newborn infant.

Sexual intercourse.