AP Review: Trachea, Organ Systems, and Directional Terms (Video Notes)

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes: organ systems, directional terms, and relationships between anatomical structures as discussed in the video.

What organ system does the trachea belong to?

Respiratory system.

What structural feature would you enlarge to see the trachea's rings?

Cartilaginous rings.

When using anatomical terms like right and left, whose perspective determines the designation?

The model's perspective (the organism/model, not the observer).

Which organ system does the heart belong to?

Cardiovascular (circulatory) system.

What is the diaphragm and which organ system is it primarily associated with?

A sheet-like muscle between the thorax and abdomen that aids breathing; belongs to the respiratory system.

Name two functions of the liver beyond digestion.

Produces blood proteins (albumin and clotting factors) and participates in metabolism and detoxification (endocrine roles are also noted).

Which organ is described as the 'graveyard of the red blood cells' and is part of the lymphatic/immune system?

Spleen.

What do the terms 'large' and 'small' refer to in the digestive tract, and what distinguishes them?

'Large' vs 'small' intestine refer to diameter; the large intestine has a larger diameter but is shorter, while the small intestine is longer and narrower.

Where are the kidneys located relative to the intestines in this view?

Behind the intestines (in the retroperitoneal cavity) and not visible in that view.

Which organ system do the kidneys belong to?

Urinary (excretory) system.

Which four organ systems are identified as the ones this course will cover?

Muscular, skeletal, nervous, and integumentary.

What is the function of lymph nodes/spleen with respect to pathogens?

They are part of the lymphatic/immune system; the spleen filters blood and contains white blood cells to combat pathogens.

What is the epiglottis and its purpose?

A flap of tissue that prevents choking by covering the airway (trachea) during swallowing.

In anatomical terms, where is the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

The trachea is anterior (in front of) the esophagus.

Which statement describes the sternum's relationship to the heart?

The sternum is anterior to the heart (the heart is posterior to the sternum).

What does 'anterior' mean, and what is its common synonym?

Anterior means the front side; it is commonly synonymous with ventral.

What does 'posterior' mean and what is its common synonym?

Posterior means the back side; it is commonly synonymous with dorsal.

What does 'superior' mean and how is it used?

Superior means above; it is a relative term and must be compared to another structure.

What does 'inferior' mean and how is it used?

Inferior means below; it is a relative term used in comparison to another structure.

What does 'proximal' mean, when is it used, and with what kind of body parts is it paired?

Proximal means nearer to the point of attachment of a limb; used when comparing structures on the same limb.

What does 'distal' mean, when is it used, and with what kind of body parts is it paired?

Distal means farther from the point of attachment of a limb; used when comparing structures on the same limb.

In standard anatomical position, which bone is more medial, the ulna or the radius?

Ulna is more medial.