Immune systems

Humoral response

Immune response using B cells

Memory B Cell

B cell that 'remembers' a specific pathogen for faster response upon reinfection

Macrophage

Cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and debris in the body

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Group of genes encoding cell surface proteins essential for immune system recognition

1st Line of Defense

Barriers: Intact skin, normal flora, mucus membranes

2nd Line of Defense

1. Pathogen enters the body

2. antigen is detected

3. mast cells explode histamine causing inflammation

4. blood vessels dilate and become leaky

5. macrophages ingest the pathogen

3rd Line of Defense (specific/ adaptive)

eliminating specific pathogens that have been encountered by the immune system previously

Antigens

on the outside of pathogens that alerts the immune system

Mast Cell

produces histamine and inflams

Histamine

causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.

Cell-mediated response

Uses T cells

Helper T

binds to macrophages interleukins to stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies.

CD4

Interleukin

A chemical messenger call T and B cells for help

Killer T

Type of T cell that track down and destroy pathogens

CD8

Plasma Cell

A white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody

Antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen and

binds to inactivate a foreign pathogen

how do vaccinations work

The vaccine contains a dead or weakened virus so your body is able to make antibodies

HIV stand for and what does it do

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Targets human helper T cells as host and retrovirus

reverse transcriptase

RNA is turned into DNA

HIV infects

helper t cells

conclusions of data

• super helper t cells -individuals not able to be infected who had super helper t cells

• Super killer t cells- just helped the virus

antibodies in allergic reactions

IgE-attacks parasites

Allergy

-abnormal/oversensitive to a non harmful antigen

activation of allergy

when the body make the wrong antibody

first exposure to allergen

1. pollen has a allergen on the surface

2. Allergens activate b cells (plasma cells make antibodies)

3. Antibodies attach to mast cell

second exposure to allergen

1. Allergens binds to antibodies on mast cell

2. mast cell releases histamine

Symptoms of anaphylactic shock

-loss of consciousness

-hives

-swelling in tongue and throat

-fever

-low blood pressure

how to stop anaphylactic shock

antihistamine

Epinephrine

Steroids

IgE

Type of antibody that reacts to ask allergies

What are antibodies called

Immunoglobulin -Ig

HIV life cycle step 1.

Proteins on HIV bind to a helper t cell

HIV life cycle step 2.

RNA is turned into DNA (reverse transcriptase)

HIV life cycle step 3.

Integrase (enzyme) adds the infected HIV DNA to the host DNA

HIV life cycle step 4.

Mixed DNA is turned into proteins

HIV life cycle step 5.

virus becomes infectious