ap cogo 2.3: executive systems

Mexico President

Elected in a direct national vote; must win a plurality and serves a one 6-year term

Iran Supreme Leader

This head of state leader must be a top-ranking cleric of Shi’a Islam and is appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts

Russia Prime Minister

Appointed by the President and approved by the lower house legislature

UK Prime Minister

Formally appointed by the Crown as the leader of the party or coalition holding the largest number of seats in the House of Commons and elected by the House

China Premier

Nominated by the President and approved by the National People’s Congress

Iran President

Elected every 4 years; the winning candidate must secure a majority of the national vote in either the first or second round of balloting

Nigeria President

Elected in a direct national vote; must win a plurality and secure at least 25% of the vote in ⅔ of the states, otherwise a 2nd round of elections occurs between the top two candidates

UK Monarch

Hereditary head of state (Royal Succession approved by Parliament)

China President

This head of state is the top governing official from within the ranks of the party leaders without input from the public; responsible for all domestic and foreign policy; approved by the National People’s Congress

Russia President

Elected in a direct national vote every 6 years; the winning candidate must secure a majority of the national vote among several candidates in the first round or in the second round between the top two vote earners

Iran Supreme Leader

This leader acts as head of state and under the theory of velayat-e-faqih, ensures all aspects of the government uphold Shi’a Islam

Mexico President, Nigeria President

(2 countries) These leaders appoint members of the cabinet with some positions needing approval of the Senate

Mexico President, Nigeria President

(2 countries) These leaders act as both head of state and head of government, serve as commander in chief and leader of the bureaucracy, and can approve domestic legislation and lead foreign policy

Russia Prime Minister

This head of government in a semi-presidential system oversees the civil service

Russia President

This head of state oversees the powerful Federal Security Service (FSB) and Foreign Intelligence Service; nominates the prime minister; appoints top judges; and can dissolve the Duma to call new legislative elections

UK Prime Minister

This head of government leads the cabinet’s formulation, implementation, and enforcement of policy through bureaucratic agencies (civil service); calls elections, sets the foreign policy agenda, and serves as the de facto commander in chief

Russia President

With the 2020 changes to the Constitution, this head of state may dismiss top justices and formally empower the State Council (made up of regional governors and executive ministers) at the discretion of the president. This State Council can advise the head of state and directly implement foreign and domestic policy

UK Monarch

This leader meets with the head of government for confidential weekly meetings and asks the leader of the majority party to form a government in his or her name

Russia President

This head of state appoints top ministers, conducts foreign policy, submits legislation to the Duma for approval, and may call for a referendum

Iran President

This head of government is responsible for implementing policies, including foreign policies that must be approved by the Supreme Leader

Iran Supreme Leader

This head of state appoints top intelligence officials, media ministers, and advisors on the Expediency Council and half of the Guardian Council

China President

This head of state is the Chair of the Military Commission and General Secretary of the Communist Party