BIO 108: Metabolism

Metabolism refers to all the __ reactions in the body.

chemical

Metabolism provides energy for the following functions EXCEPT:

All choices are correct

What is the breakdown of organic substrates and produces energy (exergonic)?

Catabolism

What is the synthesis of new compounds that requires energy (endergonic)?

Anabolism

What is the energy currency of the cell and has short term storage?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Which cellular component that provides energy?

(Ex. TCA cycle & electron transport chain)

Mitochondria

What is the break down of glucose (6-carbon) into pyruvate 2 (3-carbon)?

Glycolysis

__ is a sequence of oxidation-reduction reactions.

Electron transport system

Electron Transport System has the following characteristics EXCEPT:

All choices are characteristics of Electron Transport System.

Electron Transport System:

Oxidation - the __ of an electron, and __ of a hydrogen ion.

loss, loss

Electron Transport System:

Reduction - the __ of an electron, and __ of a hydrogen ion.

gain, gain

What is the energy yield of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

36 ATP (each NADH yields 3 ATP, each FADH2 yields 2 ATP)

What is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (lactic acid, glycerol, amino acids)?

Gluconeogenesis

What is the formation of glycogen from glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles?

Glycogenesis

What is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?

Glycogenolysis

Which Lipid Metabolism:

__ (lipolysis) - yields glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

• Glycerol gets converted to pyruvate and enters TCA cycle

• Fatty acids generate acetyl-CoA

Lipid Catabolism

Which Lipid Metabolism:

__ - sequence of reactions where fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon pieces.

Beta-oxidation

What is the synthesis of lipid compounds?

Lipid Synthesis (lipogenesis)

Lipid Synthesis (lipogenesis) has the following characteristics EXCEPT:

All choices are characteristics of lipid synthesis

Linoleic acid & Linolenic acid are 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids that can not be made in the body …

… Therefore they are the essential fatty acids.

Lipid Transport:

All cells in the body need lipids to make __ hormones and maintain their __.

steroid, cell membranes.

Lipid Transport:

Because lipids are not soluble in __ (water) → they must be transported by __ (lipoproteins).

blood, proteins

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - easily diffuse across cell membranes, bound to albumin - (plasma protein), important energy source.

Free fatty acids

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - 95% triglyceride, largest lipoprotein, carries absorbed lipids from GU tract to blood stream, lipoprotein lipase in muscle, heart adipose, & liver tissue yield → fatty acids & glycerol.

Chylomicrons

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - contain liver made triglycerides, transports these triglycerides to peripheral tissues (triglycerides out).

Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - size & composition between VLDL & LDL, contains less triglycerides than VLDL (triglycerides return trip).

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - contains cholesterol & few triglycerides, delivers cholesterol to peripheral tissues, bad cholesterol - dumps cholesterol (cholesterol out).

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Which Lipoproteins:

__ - equal amount of protein & cholesterol, transports cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to liver for storage or bile, good cholesterol - picks up cholesterol (cholesterol back).

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

What is the breakdown of protein peptide bonds to amino acids?

Protein Metabolism

Which type of Protein Metabolism:

__ - the break down of amino acid, -NH2 (amino) is removed by vitamin B6.

Amino Acid Catabolism

Which type of Amino Acid Catabolism:

__ - attaches an amino group from amino acid to a keto acid, (trading).

Transamination

Which type of Amino Acid Catabolism:

__ - removal of amino group and an H, generates ammonium — very toxic, liver coverts to urea.

Deamination

All are part of protein catabolism impractical EXCEPT:

All choices are correct

Protein Synthesis has 20 different amino, __ are essential.

9

Protein Synthesis:

__ - attachment of an amino group.

Amination

The amino acid known as __ is essential for children.

arginine

Which metabolic interactions:

__ - contains great diversity of enzymes, can breakdown & synthesize most carbohydrates, lipids, & amino acids needed by cells.

Liver

Which metabolic interactions:

__ - stores lipids as triglycerides.

Adipose Tissue

Which metabolic interactions:

__ - almost ½ of a healthy individual’s body weight, maintains glycogen reserves, amino acids.

Skeletal Muscle

Which metabolic interactions:

Neural Tissue has high demand for __, must be provided with supply of __.

energy, glucose.

Which metabolic interactions:

Other Peripheral Tissues - do not maintain __ metabolic reserves, metabolize glucose & __.

large, fatty acids.

Which state of metabolic interactions:

• Around 4 hour period following a meal, absorption takes place

• Insulin is the primary hormone

Absorptive State

Which state of metabolic interactions:

• Nutrient absorption is not happening

• Must rely on internal energy reserves

• Glucagon, epinephrine, glucocorticoids are key hormones

• Liver cells try to conserve glucose - breaks down lipids and amino acids to generate acetyl-CoA

• As acetyl-CoA levels rise ketone bodies form

Postabsorptive State

All are types of Ketone Bodies EXCEPT:

All choices are types of ketone bodies

High levels of __ are seen in starvation.

ketone bodies

pH begins to fall in the blood and can lead to __ which can disrupt tissue function.

ketoacidosis

Diet & Nutrition:

The absorption of nutrients from food is call __.

nutrition

Diet & Nutrition:

What contains all ingredients needed to maintain homeostasis?

Balanced Diet

Diet & Nutrition:

__ - unhealthy state resulting from lack of one or more nutrients.

Malnutrition

Diet & Nutrition:

__ - when the amount of Nitrogen in your diet equals the amount used & excreted.

Nitrogen Balance

Energy Gains & Losses:

__ - amount of energy needed to raise a kilogram of water 1 degree C.

Calorie

Energy Gains & Losses:

__ - some of all the varied anabolic & catabolic processes occurring in the body.

Metabolic Rate

Energy Gains & Losses:

__ - the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Thermoregulation Mechanisms:

__ - transfer from hot to cold without contact, greater than 50% of heat loss.

Radiation

Thermoregulation Mechanisms:

__ - from hot to cold with physical contact.

Conduction

Thermoregulation Mechanisms:

__ - from hot to cold from air that overlies surface, 15% of heat loss.

Convection

Thermoregulation Mechanisms:

__ - water evaporates to cool surface, heat loss is due to change from liquid to gas, 20-25% of heat loss.

Evaporation

Which heat type of Thermoregulation:

__ - peripheral vasodilation, stimulate sweat glands, depth of respiration increases.

Heat Loss

Which heat type of Thermoregulation:

__ - decrease blood flow to dermis, & limbs is shunted deeper countercurrent exchange.

Heat Conservation

Which heat type of Heat Generation:

__ - gradual increase in muscle tone increases energy consumption of skeletal muscles.

Shivering

Which heat type of Heat Generation:

__ - epinephrine increases glycogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscles.

Non-shivering