PNB 2250 Exam 3 Uconn

The loss of digestive wastes, CO2 and NH4+ are examples of _______________.

excretion

The regulation of H2O and solutes is via ___________________.

osmoregulation

Water moves from an area of ________ (low, high) osmolarity to an area of __________ (low, high) osmolarity

low, high

___________: a chemical dissolved in a solvent (H2O is the only solvent we are interested in) [6.02]. ___________s occupy space within H2O

solute

Osmolarity : measure of the number of ____________ per _________ of H2O, expressed as osmoles/liter (OsM/L) or milliosmoles/liter (mOsM/L).

solutes, liter

Hypertonic (hyperosmotic): a comparison of the osmolarity of two solutions, with one solution have a ___________ number of solutes (and less H2O) than the other solution.

greater

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic): again a comparison of the the osmolarity of two solutions, with one solution have ___________ solutes (and more H2O) than the other solution.

fewer

Isotonic (isoosmotic): two solutions with the _________ osmolarity and H2O content.

same

Which solution has the highest osmolarity?

A) 1M/L sucrose

B) 1M/L NaCl

C) 0.1M/L CaCl2

D) 1M/L ZnCl2

D

The movement of water across the cell membrane can ___________ cells

destroy

Because of the factors affecting diffusion, H2O will move from an area of higher concentration (low osmolarity) to an area of lower concentration (higher osmolarity) if the cell membrane is permeable to H2O [6.03]. The movement of H2O in this way is a very powerful force, capable of rupturing membranes and causing damage to animals. This force is known as ________________ ________________.

osmotic pressure

Placement of cells into which solution will cause them to burst?

A) Isotonic

B) Hypotonic

C) Hypertonic

B

Placement of cells in a ______________ solution (more H2O outside than inside the cell) causes H2O to rush into the cell, bursting it

hypotonic

Placement of cells in a _______________ solution (less H2O outside than inside the cell) causes H2O to leave the cell

hypertonic

Small solutes need integral ______________ to pass through the membrane

proteins

Solutes or water can cross a cell membrane via ___________, _______________, or ______________

pumps, transporters, channels

Membrane solute permeability can require ______

ATP

________ have a solute-binding pocket exposed to the extracellular or intracellular aqueous environment. After solute binding, the energy inside _____ is used to drive a reversible conformational movement of the protein that exposes the solute-binding pocket to the other face of the membrane.

pumps

_______________ have a single or multiple solute binding pockets and after solute binding, a reversible conformation movement exposes the solute-binding pocket to the other face of the membrane.

transporters

There are different types of transporters:

- Uniporters - move ______ solute at a time, in one direction

- Cotransporters move _______ or more solutes at the same time

one, two

the following are types of cotransport:

- _______________ move two or more solutes in the same direction

- ________________ move two or more solutes in opposite directions

symporters, antiporters

Which type of transporter uses the energy in ATP to pump Cl- into the cell while pumping HCO3- out?

antiporter

Channels have water-filled pores with ______________ filters, so that one solute passes through more readily than another. The selectivity filter is based on the ___________ ________ that line the pore and their interaction with the solute. Channels are usually sensitivite to the changes in __________ or __________ (chemical signals) resulting in channel gating (opening or closing).

selectivity, amino acids, voltage, ligands

water moves through ________________ channels

aquaporin

_______________ channels are integral membrane channels that specifically allow for the movement of H2O down its concentration gradient

aquaporin

aquaporin channels are impermeable to all solutes that are not _______

H2O

A specific type of cell is designed to detect changes in cell osmolarity and are known as ______________________

osmoreceptors

the TRP channel and ______________________ proteins are both kinds of osmoreceptors

mechanoreceptor

freshwater has ____________, just less than seawater

solutes

Freshwater has much ____________ osmolarity than seawater

lower

Teleost fish that are able to adapt to changing osmolarities are known as _______________ animals, while those that cannot are known as ______________ animals

euryhaline, stenohaline

not all animals expend energy to ________________

osmoregulate

osmo_______________ have internal osmolarities that are constant even when external osmolarities vary

regulators

osmo________________ have internal osmolarity that conforms to external osmolarity

conformers

Osmoregulators expend far ________ energy to osmoregulate and have much ________ complex osmoregulatory organs (more, less)

more

marine invertebrates are commonly osmo_________________

conformers

Generally, invertebrates have ________ (more, less) complex regulation of H2O and solutes than vertebrates, ___________ (more, less) sophisticated osmoregulatory organs and marine invertebrates are osmo____________

less, less, conformers

Almost all arachnids and horseshoe crabs possess a _________ or coxal gland [6.19]. The green gland consists of an end sac (saccule), a long duct (labyrinth) and reservoir (bladder). In contrast to the simpler nephridia, the green gland end sac has podocytes - specialized cells, interfacing with blood vessels [6.20].

freen

___________________, found in worms, rotifers and chordates, are dead end tubes. The end of the tube are covered by ciliated _________ cells or solencytes if not ciliated

protonephridia, flame

A ________________ typically consists of a ciliated funnel-shaped opening into a duct that opens to the animal's exterior

metanpehridia

One end of the nephron is a filtration barrier with associated ____________ cells. The filtration barrier is size selective and anything smaller than ___ nm passes freely through the barrier.

podocyte, 7

functional unit of the kidney

nephron

The filtration barrier is composed of capillary _____________, basement membrane and podocytes and is encased within a structure known as the ___________________

endothelium, glomerulus