AP Euro Final

The new models of government created by Locke and Rousseau were based upon which of the following?

A. The divine right theory of Jacques Bossuet

B. The theory of gravity explained by Sir Isaac Newton

C. The concept of popular sovereignty based on universal suffrage

D. The theory that we are all born with natural rights

D. The theory that we are all born with natural rights

Which of the following groups did Rousseau believe was not worthy of the natural rights he adamantly supported for others?

A. American Indians

B. Africans

C. Women

D.Peasant Men

C. Women

Which of the following was least reflective of the ideals espoused by Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Locke?

A. The Committee of Public Safety

B. Napoleonic Code

C. The Directory

D. The Legislative Assembly

A. The Committee of Public Safety

The theories Smith proposes in the excerpt were most likely a reaction to which trend in eighteenth century Europe? (-Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776)

A. State governments refusing to regulate business practices

B. Urban guilds maintaining strict policies regarding quality and prices of goods

C. Merchant's acquisition of new markets in foreign lands

D. The renewed focus on the individual as emphasized by enlightenment thought

B. Urban guilds maintaining strict policies regarding quality and prices of goods

Which of the following statements best explains what Adam Smith means when referring to "an invisible hand??

A. Government must not interfere with the market mechanism if it is to perform properly.

B. People will produce according to their abilities and be compensated according to their needs.

C. Individual self-interest, however enlightened, will destroy the market.

D. Government regulation of the market helps to promote a healthy economy.

A. Government must not interfere with the market mechanism if it is to perform properly.

Which of the following thinkers was most similar to Adam Smith in their advocacy of nataral economic laws'

A. Cesare Bovaria

B. Denis Diderot

C. David Hume

D. Francois Quesnay

D. Francois Quesnay

Acconding to what is implied in the passage, which of the following activities would Adam Smith believe was most appropriate for a national golemment? (-Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776)

A. Granting monopolies

B. Fixing wages and prices

C. Defending the state against foreign invasion

D. Providing tax exemptions to emerging industries

C. Defending the state against foreign invasion

The principles described above correlate most closely with which form of government? (November 1787, specch given by Chretien-Francois de Lamoignon, the minister for justice to Louis XVI.)

A. Constitutional Monarchy

B. Absolute Monarchy

C. Democratic Republic

D. Aristocratic Oligarchy

B. Absolute Monarchy

This form of govemment relies heavily on which philosophy? (Absolute monarchy)

A. Social Contract Theory

B. Checks and Balances

C. Divine Right

D. Natural Rights

C. Divine Right

Louis XVI exercised his right to convene the Estates-General due to what issue?

A. The lack of representation for the Third Estate

B. The finances of the French goverment

C. The desire for a constitution

D. Unrest at St. Domingue

B. The finances of the French goverment

The establishment of the National Assembly of France related most closely to what issue?

A. Taxation of the First Estate

B. Feudalism in the countryside

C. Imperialism by the Spanish

D. Voting patterns in the Estates General

D. Voting patterns in the Estates General

This event marked the beginning of the French Revolution:

A. August 4th Decrees

B. Storming of the Tuileries

C. Tennis Court Oath

D. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

C. Tennis Court Oath

This event/development forced Louis XVI to recognize the National Assembly:

A. Defections from the Estates General

B. Tennis Court Oath

C. Storming of the Bastille

D. The execution of Charles I

C. Storming of the Bastille

The events referred to in the song led most directly to which of the following (Song of the poissardes (Paris market woren (fishmongers)), October 1789)

A. The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France

B. The creation of a republican government in France

C. The installation of Napoleon as Emperor of the French

D. The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy

A. The formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France

The poissardes and other participants in the events described in the song were motivated most strongly by which of the following? (Song of the poissardes (Paris market woren (fishmongers)), October 1789)

A. An economic crisis brought about by food shortages

B. The desire to institute free-market principles in the French economy

C. The failure of France to gain substantial advantages from its wars with Britain

D. The fear that Enlightenment ideas about government would undermine the basis of monarchy

A. An economic crisis brought about by food shortages

The participation of women such as the poissardes led to which of the following during the early phases of the french

Revolution?

A. Wage equality for women

B. Permanent legal equality for women, but no political rights

C. Temporary improvements in women's legal status that would be lost during the republic,

D. Loss of rights previously held by women

C. Temporary improvements in women's legal status that would be lost during the republic,

Napoleon Bonaparte can best be described as which of the following?

A. A bloodthirsty conqueror

B. A divine right monarch

C. An enlightened despot

D. A democratically elected leader

C. An enlightened despot

Which of the following policies of Napoleon was often used to cast him in a negative light?

A. The Concordat of 1801

B. Nepotism in his government

C. Meritocracy in his military

D. The Napoleonic Code

B. Nepotism in his government

Napoleon helped make the French Revolution an international movement in the regions by pursuing which of the following policies?

A. Imposing a universal currency

B. Brutal suppression of guerilla resistance

C. Abolishing feudalism and manorialism

D. Encouraging French as a universal language

C. Abolishing feudalism and manorialism

Which of the following methods employed by the Russians led to French defeat?

A. Trachenberg Plan

B. Scorched Earth tactics

C. Guerilla warfare

D. Espionage

B. Scorched Earth tactics

Why did Napoleon invade Russia in 1812?

A. The French economy needed resources to stave off financial collapse

B. Tsar Nicholas threatened French holdings in the Duchy of Warsaw

C. The Haitian Revolution hurt French manufacturing of raw goods

D. Tsar Alexander I defied the Continental System

D. Tsar Alexander I defied the Continental System

What was the most immediate effect of Napoleon's drastic losses in Russia?

A. Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty

B. The French and Indian War

C. The unification of Germany

D. The spread of revolutions throughout Europe

D. The spread of revolutions throughout Europe

Which country remained at near-constant war with France throughout Napoleon's reign?

A. Austria

B. Prussia

C. Russia

D. Great Britain

D. Great Britain

The passage above most directly counters the ideas of which economic theory?

A. Socialism

B Nationalism

C. Mercantilism

D. Laissez-Faire

D. Laissez-Faire

The author of this passage would most likely promote

A. Gradual reform through the government

B. Violent overthrow of the government

C. Elections with male suffrage

D. The return to the cult of domesticity

B. Violent overthrow of the government

The Crystal Palace was a lestament to all of the following elements of society in Great Britain in the mid-19th century

EXCEPT

A. The bourgeoisie's financial power

B. The prevalence of innovation as a result of limited government regulations

C. The industrial preeminence of the economy

D. The establishment of constitutional reforms that empowered the lower classes

D. The establishment of constitutional reforms that empowered the lower classes

Historians would most likely compare the building of the Crystal Palace to which other historical occurrence?

A. The building of absolute monarch's palaces in the 17th century to glorify the political and economic power of the ruling class

B. The building of neo-classical architecture during the Enlightenment in order to imitate the architecture of the classical era

C. The use of architecture to glorify the Catholic Church in the 15th and 16th centuries

D. The establishment of poor houses to provide for the welfare of the lower classes during the same time period in

Great Britain.

B. The building of neo-classical architecture during the Enlightenment in order to imitate the architecture of the classical era

Which of the following contributed most directly to Britain's economic superiority at the time of the Great

Exhibition?

A. Its determination to remain isolated from continental Europe in all political and military endeavors

B. Its large supply of capital as a result of a stable central banking institution and large colonial empire

C. Its ability to ensure that the factory model established in Britain was not replicated abroad

D. Its development of a national economic system in which the government closely regulates key industries

B. Its large supply of capital as a result of a stable central banking institution and large colonial empire

A historian would MOST likely use the Crystal Palace to showcase Britain's desire to

A. Display the political power of its empire.

B. To showcase the innovative glass and steel architectural technique.

C. Provide a means for all of Europe to exchange ideas and innovations.

D. Show off its great wealth and industrial advancements to the rest of Europe

D. Show off its great wealth and industrial advancements to the rest of Europe

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two sources' arguments?

A. The medical examiners want the state to legislate on behalf of the workers, while Smiles does not want the state to intervene in labor relations.

B. The medical examiners do not want the state to legislate on behalf of the workers, while Smiles wants the state to intervene on their behalf.

C. The medical examiners and Smiles both want the state to intervene on behalf of the workers.

D. Neither the medical examiners nor Smiles want the state to intervene on behalf of the workers.

A. The medical examiners want the state to legislate on behalf of the workers, while Smiles does not want the state to intervene in labor relations.

Which of the following best describes the moral positions regarding industrialization expressed by each of the two sources?

A. The medical examiners see industrialization as unjustly oppressing and harming the workers, while Smiles sees it as uplifting the nation and its people.

B. The medical examiners see industrialization as uplifting the nation and its people, while Smiles sees it as unjustly oppressing and harming the workers.

C. The medical examiners and Smiles both see industrialization as causing moral harm to the nation.

D. The medical examiners and Smiles both see industrialization as improving the morality of the nation.

A. The medical examiners see industrialization as unjustly oppressing and harming the workers, while Smiles sees it as uplifting the nation and its people.

Which of the following states a point on which the authors of the two sources would likely agree?

A. The government's proper role was to encourage industrial growth through intervention in the market.

B. The wealth generated by industrialization should be equally distributed to all members of society.

C. Industrialization had a profound effect on the lives of individual workers.

D. Class divisions were of less and less importance in industrialized society.

C. Industrialization had a profound effect on the lives of individual workers.

Which statement provides the best context for interpreting this picture?

A. The Industrial Revolution transformed gender roles and family life by creating employment outside the home

B. Machines used in factories were similar to the ones used in cottage industries

C. One effect of industrialization was improved living conditions for the proletariat

D. As industrialization made production more efficient, employces had more control over their lives at work

A. The Industrial Revolution transformed gender roles and family life by creating employment outside the hom

Which reform movement emerged in response to the situation shown in the photo?

A. Measures to promote consumerism

B. Laws limiting child labor

C. Creation of anarchist and socialist communities

D. Support of measures to end unemployment

B. Laws limiting child labor

The independence of Belgium and Greece as shown in the map were significant in that they both

A. successfully achieved independence through defeating the armies of Austria and its allies

B. put in place successful republics following their independence

C. proved that liberal revolutionaries could find support in the powerful European nations looking to maintain peace in Europe

D. were not forced to remain under the rule of another country by the powerful European nations despite having their movements based in nationalist thought

C. proved that liberal revolutionaries could find support in the powerful European nations looking to maintain peace in Europe

Which of the following best describes a factor that played a role in the nationalist sentiment that rose in both Belgium

and Greece?

A. both sought to improve their economic standing in Europe

B. both had not reconciled rule by a country with a different language, culture, and religion

C. growing anti-Semitism existed in both countries

D. both desired return to govenments dominated by the Old Order

B. both had not reconciled rule by a country with a different language, culture, and religion

How was Greece able to get both conservatives in Russia and liberals in Western Europe to support its drive for independence

A. Greek leaders offered both the chance to join in an anti-Turkish campaign where they could share the spoils of a crumbled empire.

B. Western Europeans liberals saw Greece as the foundation of western civilization while Russian conservatives identitied with Greece as the country where Christian Orthodoxy was established

C. The Greek leader of independence spent his early years in the Russian military but later studied at the Sorbonne

in France

D. Famine in Greece as a result of Turkish neglect galvanized sympathy for the Greck cause all over Europe

B. Western Europeans liberals saw Greece as the foundation of western civilization while Russian conservatives identitied with Greece as the country where Christian Orthodoxy was established

In his essay, what was Malthus most concerned about?

A. Less productive agriculture failing to feed existing population

B. A shrinking population and failing industry

C. An unsustainable increase in population and mass starvation

D. Immorality, vice, and drunkenness among the poor

C. An unsustainable increase in population and mass starvation

What is the "check" to early marriages that Malthus described in the above passage?

A. The check on early marriages is humans selfish and lazy natures, where young adults are too lazy to move out and support themselves

B. The check on early marriages is the inability to support a family, driven by either an absolute lack of food or fear of food shortage.

C. The check on early marriages is "(o severe labour" that makes people too tired and weak to get married and produce healthy children.

D. The check on early marriages is the inability to support a family thanks to "unhealthy occupations, " and "the lack of good jobs, and vicious customs."

B. The check on early marriages is the inability to support a family, driven by either an absolute lack of food or fear of food shortage.

Which of the statements below best summarized Malthus' "principle of population" as set out in the passage?

A. Humans are lazy and vicious and therefore do not produce enough food to sustain themselves. We can imagine a society in which food was produced easily and in abundance, but it has never existed.

B. Humans have successfully surmounted the obstacles of producing enough food for population growth. They can now produce enough food to develop cities and towns, and have become decadent and vicious.

C. How high a population can grow is constrained by the amount of food that can be produced to sustain it. No human population has avoided this "check" of either not having enough food or fear not having enough food.

D. The growth of human populations is constrained by culture and therefore humans do not reproduce by instinct, the way animals do. Human populations increase more slowly than animal populations

C. How high a population can grow is constrained by the amount of food that can be produced to sustain it. No human population has avoided this "check" of either not having enough food or fear not having enough food.

This passage illustrates which of the following 19th century political philosophies?

A. Liberalism

B. Conservatism

C. Utopian Socialism

D. Anarchism

C. Utopian Socialism

Which of the following 19th century developments most significantly influenced adherents of the ideology espoused in the passage? (-Fourier, Charles. Critique of Revolutionary Ideals.)

A. Marxism

B. Nationalism

C. Imperialism

D. Industrialism

D. Industrialism

Which of the following is NOT a conservative value characteristic of the Concert of Europe?

A. The only legitimate sources of political authority were God and history.

B. Nationalism combined with conservatism reduced revolutionary movements

C. Stability & longevity, not progress and change, mark a good society.

D. Society was hierarchical and organic

B. Nationalism combined with conservatism reduced revolutionary movements

Which of the following countries had successful revolutions in the 1830s despite the conservatism of the Concert?

A. Piedmont-Sardinia and Greece

B. Russia and Spain

C. Belgium and Poland

D. Grecce and Belgium

D. Grecce and Belgium

A main reason the Polish Revolution of 1830 and future liberal revolts of 1848 would prove unsuccessful relates mostly closely to which of the following?

A. Infighting between the moderate liberals and radical liberals

B. Lack of funding from the liberal constitutional monarchies in France and Britain

C. The unpopularity of nationalism in Eastern Europe

D. The anti-revolutionary sentiments of Romanticism

B. Lack of funding from the liberal constitutional monarchies in France and Britain

In French political history the years 1814. 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

A. execution of Louis XVI, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the establishment of the Paris Commune

B. restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the founding of the Second Republic

C. restoration of the Bourbons, the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as president and the establishment of the Paris Commune.

D. July Revolution of Louis Philippe, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the founding of the Second Republic.

B. restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the founding of the Second Republic

The overall results of the Revolutions of 1848 can best be described as which of the following?

A. Gave rise to communism and realpolitik

B. Overthrew the governments of France, Germany, and Russia

C. Dissipated the nationalistic urges of the peoples of Bastern Europe

D. Marked the decline of the political influence of the proletariat

C. Dissipated the nationalistic urges of the peoples of Bastern Europe

The provisional government referred to in the passages accomplished all of the following during its time in power

EXCEPT

A. abolished slavery throughout France including its territories

B. guaranteed work for the unemployed through national workshops

C. abolished the use of the death penalty as a punishment for crimes D. established universal suffrage for men and women

D. established universal suffrage for men and women

According to both authors, the biggest challenge facing the provisional government established in 1848 was

A. the need to address the rights and needs of all the social classes in France

B. the economic instability of the country

C. the ability to contend with the powerful European nations in control of Europe at the time

D. the need to address the repetitive outbreaks of cholera that plagued France

B. the economic instability of the country

The revolutions of both 1830 and 1848 were influenced and inspired by all of the following prominent ideologies

EXCEPT

A. romanticism

B. Nationalism

C. Liberalism

D. Conservatism

D. Conservatism

A key difference between the French Revolution of 1789 and the French Revolution of 1848 was that

A. the Catholic clergy supported middle class revolutionaries in 1789 but supported the working class and peasants in 1848

B. those who supported a monarchy wanted reforms that benefited the middle class during the revolution of 1789 and benefited the working class in 1848

C. the middle class and working classes cooperated more effectively in the revolutions of 1848 than they had in 1789

D. the revolutionaries of 1789 were united over their agreement in the need for a republic without a monarchy, while in 1848 there was division over which kind of government would be best

D. the revolutionaries of 1789 were united over their agreement in the need for a republic without a monarchy, while in 1848 there was division over which kind of government would be best

In French political history the years 1814, 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

A. execution of Louis XVI, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the establishment of the Paris Commune

B. restoration of the Bourbons, the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as president and the establishment of the Paris Commune

C. July Revolution of Louis Philippe, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the founding of the Second Republic

D. restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the founding of the Second Republic

D. restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the founding of the Second Republic

All of the following cities experienced major uprisings in 1848 EXCEPT

A. Paris

B. Berlin

C. London

D.Rome

C. London

Which statement best describes the effect of Russia's labor system on the country's economy?

A. Russian agriculture was not very efficient, which resulted in poor harvests and periodic famines

B. Russian landlords were often arrested and sent to prison for their mistreatment of peasants

C. Peasants who worked for wages could buy their own farms and become a part of the middle-class

D. When the peasants paid for the head or poll tax, government had more money to invest in in infrastructure and military equipment

A. Russian agriculture was not very efficient, which resulted in poor harvests and periodic famines

Which of the following most directly led to the end of serfdom in Russia?

A. The Decembrist Revolt

B. The Pugachev Rebellion

C. The Crimean War

D. The Time of Troubles

C. The Crimean War

The chronologically arranged maps above illustrate the

A. Concluding phases of the Franco-Prussian War

B. Settlement of the Congress of Vienna

C. Concluding phases of the Crimean War

D. Schlieffen Plan

A. Concluding phases of the Franco-Prussian War

The events illustrated in the map are indicative of which major change in Europe's political landscape in the mid nineteenth century?

A. Increasing Russian influence in the Balkans as a result of the decline of the Ottoman Empire

B. The unification of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel TIT

C. The development of the Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary as a result of Austria's inability to repress the desire for Hungarian autonomy

D. The unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck

D. The unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck (?)

The long-term effect of the event shown in the map is BEST described as:

A. Rapid industrialization throughout Europe

B. A system of alliances between countries culminating in war

C. The emergence of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

D. Rising natiol palism in the Austrian Empire

B. A system of alliances between countries culminating in war (?)

Which of the following was NOT employed by Bismarck in his attempt to unify Germany?

A. Industrialized warfare and weaponn

B. Motorized infantry

C. Diplomatic negotiations

D. Manipulation of foreign affairs

B. Motorized infantry

What was the clearest Prussian goal in Bismarck's alliance system?

A. To create a fully inclusive German confederation

B. To isolate France from the rest of Europe

C. To control Russian trade and expansion

D. To defeat the British navy

B. To isolate France from the rest of Europe

Bismarck's lenient treatment of the defeated Austrian empire contrasts sharply with his treatment of:

A. Russia

B. Italy

C. France

D. Schleswig

C. France

Which form of government was established by the document excerpted above? (-Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich, 1867)

A. Republic

B. Monarchy

C. Dual Monarchy

D. Theocracy

C. Dual Monarchy

The document excerpted above represents (-Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich, 1867)

A. the creation of a loose economic alliance that served no political function

B. a reform program designed to promote rapid industrialization

C. A justification for imperialism using an ideology of cultural superiority.

D. an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.

D. an attempt to stabilize the state by reconfiguring national unity.

What 19th and 20th century belief would account for those who believed in their "innate superiority?"

A. Zionism

B. Social Darwinism

C. Utilitarianism

D. Feminism

B. Social Darwinism

Herbert Spencer's application of the "survival of the fittest" to human society justified all of the following 19th and

20th century ideals EXCEPT:

A. Racism

B. Imperialism

C. Feminism

D. Militarism

C. Feminism

Which of these philosopher's belief in "supermen" who could successfully reorder the world most closely correlated to

Hitler's idea of Aryan supremacy?

A. Friedrich Nietzsche

B. Jean-Paul Sartre

C. Ludwig Wittgenstein

D. Albert Camus

A. Friedrich Nietzsche

One benefit for the Soviets from signing this treaty was that is allowed (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918)

A. the government to prepare for an attack by the Allies

B. The country to defeat internal counterrevolutionanes

C. Tsar Nicholas I to hold off the Communist revolution

D. the country to set up a provisional government

B. The country to defeat internal counterrevolutionanes

One disadvantage for the Soviets in this treaty was that it (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918)

A. required the Soviets to release prisoners of war

B. forced the Soviets to pay war reparations

C. Took away enormous amounts of Soviet

D. Took away Soviet colonies in Africa

B. forced the Soviets to pay war reparations

Which article of the treaty seems to support the principle of self-determination as expressed by Woodrow Wilson after the end of World War I?

A. Article 3

B. Article 5

C. Article 8

D. Article 9

A. Article 3

Following the end of WWI,

A. The Soviet Union received the lost temtores back since Germany lost the war

B. The lost territory was established as independent nations by the League of Nations

C. Germany lost all territories and colonies to France

D. Germany demanded that the Soviet Union pay war reparations

B. The lost territory was established as independent nations by the League of Nations

The German justification for classification of the Jews as described in the passage above was based on

A. anti-capitalist views among German bureaucrats

B. historic grievances against new converts to Christianity

C. an ideology of racism supported by scientific hypothesis

D. a desire to create a separate but equal segregated society

C. an ideology of racism supported by scientific hypothesis

All of the following were factors in the Holocaust EXCEPT the

A. ability of the Nazis to secure collaborators in occupied territories

B. long tradition of anti-Semitism in Germany and other areas of Europe

C. ability of a totalitarian regime to mold ideas and suppress dissent

D. near exclusive focus of Nazi genocidal policies on Jews of Germany

D. near exclusive focus of Nazi genocidal policies on Jews of Germany

Which statement expressed a defense used by some Nazi war criminals at their trials in an attempt to justify their actions during WWII?

A. In a war, loss of lives cannot be avoided

B. One is not accountable for one's behavior when following orders

C. A person should be held personally responsible for his or her own actions

D. The end justifies the means

B. One is not accountable for one's behavior when following orders

Cartoon A was published (British caricaturist David Low, 1939)

A. just after the seizure of power by the Nazis in Germany in 1933

B. at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936

C. in the wake of the 1939 non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia

D. after the defeat of France in 1940 by the German invaders

C. in the wake of the 1939 non-aggression pact between Germany and Russia

As part of the agreement referenced in Cartoon A, what was privately promised to the Soviet Union. (British caricaturist David Low, 1939)

A. Half of the territory taken from Poland once the Nazis had invaded

B. Access to much needed grain deposits

C. The use of the Crimean Peninsula for military purposes

D. Military aid should the Soviet Union declare war on another country

A. Half of the territory taken from Poland once the Nazis had invaded

One outcome of the events referenced in Cartoon B would be

A. The Nazi military sacking Stalingrad and gaining control of the Soviet Union

B. The Soviet enactment of a scorched earth policy in response to the advancing Nazi army

C. The immediate opening of a second front in Eastern Europe to aid the Soviet Union

D. The strategic shift from relying on air and ground support to relying on naval support

C. The immediate opening of a second front in Eastern Europe to aid the Soviet Union (?)

As portrayed in the passage above, the inability of powerful nations and the League of Nations to prevent Hitler's aggression was most clearly the result of which of the following?

A. The inability to sway public opinion toward powerful resolution enforcement

B. Historical affinities and alliances among European states

C. A lack of global representation within the League of Nation

D. The inability to negotiate treaties

C. A lack of global representation within the League of Nation

What historical evidence best supports the argument that Hitler 's military successes were based most clearly on

A. Nazi activities were confined to only caster Europe

B. European concems over the rise of communism in the east and Fascism in Spain

C. Hitler's tactics of gradual encroachment followed by short periods of peace

D. Hitler employing aggressive military takeovers in short succession

D. Hitler employing aggressive military takeovers in short succession

The League of Nations differed from the United Nations in that the League

A. could send troops to any area to stop a war or enforce economic sanctions

B. did not have as members several of the world's most important industralized nations

C. was not concerned with the improvement of world health standards

D. had a larger treasury from which to mske grants for food and technological assistance

B. did not have as members several of the world's most important industralized nations

Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks, supported all of the following EXCEPT

A. gradual reform

B. Communism

C. bloody, violent revolution

D. ending Russia's role in WWI

A. gradual reform

Germany smuggled Lenin into Russia in order to:

A. encourage the establishment of democracy in Russia

B. Undermine the Allied communications

C. destabilize the Eastern Front

D. support the establishment of Menshevik rule

C. destabilize the Eastern Front

All of the following were effects of the Russian Civil War EXCEPT:

A. the execution of the Romanov dynasty

B. Russian resentment against foreign intervention

C. total war mobilization by the Whites

D. total war mobilization by the Reds

A. the execution of the Romanov dynasty

The argument put forward by Keynes in the above excerpt fueled which of the following contemporary opinions of the treaty?

A. The treaty was harsh but necessary to contain German aggres and to prevent further conflict.

B. The treaty provided a good starting point for European integration as a counterbalance to the collapse of Czaris'

Russia. the rise of the first-ever Communist regime

C. The treaty was just and it correctly upheld the principles of the laws of war and peace, allowing a new foundation for peace to be built.

D. The treaty was unfair to Germany and stunted European economic growth, making further aggression and conflict likely.

D. The treaty was unfair to Germany and stunted European economic growth, making further aggression and conflict likely.

The excerpt above most direetly reflects which of the following developments of the 1920s?

A. 1926The hyperinflation crisis in the Republic of Germany

B. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War

C. Britain's nine-day General Strike

D. The US stock market crash of 1929

A. 1926The hyperinflation crisis in the Republic of Germany

The ideology of Italian fascism practiced by Mussolini was based on

A. a socialist government founded on military conquest

B. a radical democracy with a socialist economy

C. limited democracy and a capitalist economy

D. an authoritarian state and a corporate economy

D. an authoritarian state and a corporate economy

Which of the following characterized Mussolini's ideal of the fascist corporate state?

I. Organization of the population into syndicates of employers, employees, and govemment arbitrators

II. Establishment of semi-autonomous regional governments

III. Abolition of strikes, lockouts, and the older trade unions

A. I only

B. Il only

C. I and Ill only

D. I, Il, and III

C. I and Ill only

All of the following are policies to which totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT

A. encouragement of multiparty political systems

B. expansion of the military

C. economic planning

D. promotion of social welfare measures

A. encouragement of multiparty political systems

The following conflicts all relate to the theme of the passage EXCEPT: ("The Problem of Sovereignty in European History." specch to American Historical Association, 2006)

A. The Seven Weeks War

B. The Austria-Prussian War

C. French Revolution

D. War for Italian Unification

A. The Seven Weeks War

The theme of the passage correlates most closely with which of the following? ("The Problem of Sovereignty in European History." specch to American Historical Association, 2006)

A. Liberalism

B. Nationalism

C. Conservatism

D. Socialism

B. Nationalism

All of the following were economic factors influencing German unification EXCEPT:

A. Industrialization

B. Railways

C. The Grossdeutsch

D. The Zollverein

C. The Grossdeutsch

All of the following are true of the Romantic movement in the early 19th century EXCEPT?

A. it sympathized with revolts against oppression.

B. it placed great emphasis upon the individual.

C. it instilled a reverence for nature.

D. it accepted the basic ideals of the Enlightenment philosophes.

D. it accepted the basic ideals of the Enlightenment philosophes.

What became known as the "Eastern Question" in European affairs was actually a reflection of the?:

A. war for Greek independence.

B. Polish resistance to Russian reform programs there.

C. weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

D. the desire on the part of France and England to establish a naval presence in the eastern Mediterranean.

C. weakness of the Ottoman Empire.

Which of the following was the most significant continental effect of the Crimean War?

A. The rise of socialism as a mainstream ideology

B. Many of the major powers removed themselves from political affairs on the continent creating a power vacuum which allowed for the rise of realpolitik leaders.

C. The fall of Spain marked the rebirth of Portugal as a major political and economic powerhouse.

D. With Russia and other countries gaining land near the Black Sea- and thereby having access to the Dardanelles- a fight began to ensure control of and access to the Mediterranean.

D. With Russia and other countries gaining land near the Black Sea- and thereby having access to the Dardanelles- a fight began to ensure control of and access to the Mediterranean.

Karl Marx slightly changed George Hegel's theory that history advances through conflict. Marx believed that history advanced through social conflict between the "haves" and the "have nots" or the "exploiters" and the "exploited." What did Marx call his theory?

A. Commercial Chaos Theory

B. Dialectical Materialism

C. Marxist Dialectic

D. Sharing is Caring

B. Dialectical Materialism

What were the elected councils created by Tsar Alexander Il that failed to address local issues.

A. the creation

B. Soviets

C. Zemstvos

D. Tsarettes

C. Zemstvos

Which state existed in 1919, but NOT in 19147:

A. Poland

B. Denmark

C. Belgium

D. Sweden

A. Poland

The repeal of the British Com Laws in 1846 was most strongly opposed by

A. factory owners

B. wage laborers

C. wealthy landowners

D. religious dissenters

C. wealthy landowners

Place the following events of the French Revolution in the correct chronological order.

I. The storming of the Bastille

II. The Tennis Court Oath

III. The meeting of the Estates General

IV. The Reign of Terror

V. Napoleon's coup d'etat over the Directory

A. III, I, II, IV, and V

B. I,IV, V, II, and III

C.I, II, III, IV, and V

D. III, II, I, IV, and V

C.I, II, III, IV, and V

Which of the following pairs of European rulers is generally identified as "enlightened" monarchs?

A. Anne of England and Louis XV

B. Joseph II and Catherine the Great

C. Frederick William I and George III

D. Elizabeth I and Mary Stuart

B. Joseph II and Catherine the Great

Which aspect of German strategy was employed during BOTH World Wars I and 117:

A. a large-scale military push early in the war in the Balkans.

B. formation of an alliance with Japan.

C. violation of Belgium's neutrality in order to attack France.

D. respect for the rights of the U.S. on the sea.

C. violation of Belgium's neutrality in order to attack France.