Organic Chemistry

Non-Polar

Alkane

Alkene

Alkyne

Haloalkane

Polar

Amines

Alcohol 

Carboxylic acids 

Up to 4 carbon atoms 

Complete combustion ( plenty of oxygen available)

Alkane, clear burning flame

Incomplete combustion ( limited oxygen)

Some smoke, smelly 

Combustion with scarce amount of oxygen

Sooty flame, black solid deposit

Combustion: alkane

When saturated hydrocarbons burns like alkanes, they undergo complete combustion and produce a clean non sooty blue flame that is hotter.

Combustion: Alkene

The unsaturated hydrocarbons such as alkene that tend to undergo incomplete combustion and produce yellow sooty flame

Alkane to Haloalkane 

(X2) with the presence of Uv light 

Reaction type: Substitution 

Alkene to Haloalkane

X2 or HX

Reaction type: Addition

Bromine water and alkene 

The bromine water turns colourless in the unsaturated compound as alkene undergoes addition

Alkane and Bromine Water

The bromine water with uv light slowly turns colourless in the saturated compound as alkane undergoes substitution

Cl2 turns pale green and I2 turns brown

Alkene to Alkane 

Reaction type: Addition 

H2/Pt

Alkene to Alcohol 

Dilute H2SO4

Reaction type: Addition 

Alkene to diols

MnO4-

Reaction type: Oxidation

Observation

Non acidified; purple solution declourises and brown solid is formed

Acidified; purple solution decolorises turns colorless

Alkene to Polymer

Reaction type: Addition 

Heat,pressure and a catalyst 

Addition polymerisation

An addition reaction is where the carbon to carbon of a molecule is broken to form a single bond and two new single bonds, when many molecules continue to form a long chain polymer

Haloalkane to Alcohol

KOH (aq)

Reaction: Substitution  

Haloalkane to Amine

Conc NH3 (alc)

Substitution

Haloalkane to Alkene

KOH (alc)

Elimination

Haloalkane to Alcohol

KOH (aq)

Substitution

Alcohol to Alkene 

Conc H2SO4

Elimination 

Alcohol to Haloalkane

PCl3

Substitution

Alcohol to Carboxylic acids

MNO4-/H+

Oxidation

Oxidation, alcohol to carboxylic acid observation

Orange dichromate turns green 

Purple permangate turns colourless

Carboxylic Acids Dissociation

Acids dissociate in water to form -anoate by donating a proton H+

Neutralisation

Weak bases such as amine will react with carboxylic acid to form salts