AP Biology AP Exam Review

Ways of regulating enzymes

allosteric effector
competitive inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition
cooperativity

Competitive inhibition

substance the enzyme by occupying the active site

Noncompetitive inhibition

substance inhibits the enzyme by binding to a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme

Cooperativity

enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrates

Ribosomes are manufactures in the...

nucleus

Rough ER contains

ribosomes

Function of rough ER

assembly of proteins

Function of smooth ER

synthesis lipids and hormones

Function of lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes to break down food and bacteria

Function of peroxisomes

break down various substances

Tight Junctions

prevents the passage of materials between cells.
characteristic in cells lining the digestive tract

Gap Junctions

narrow tunnels between animal cells that allows the passage of ions and small molecules

Plasmodesmata

narrow channels between plant cells

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

No nucleus
single DNA
smaller ribosomes
peptidoglycan cell walls

Forms of Passive Transport

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion

Reactants of Cellular Respiration

Glucose and Oxygen

Products of Cellular Respiration

Carbon Dioxide, Water, and energy

Where does glycolysis occur

cytoplasm

Net ATP produced in glycolysis

2

NADH produced in glycolysis

2

Pyruvate produced in glycolysis

2

Krebs Cycle converts pyruvate to

acetyl CoA

What does the Krebs Cycle produce

2 FADH, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 CO2

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

oxygen

Number of ATP produced in ETC

32

Where does the Kreb Cycle occur

Mitochondrial Matrix

Where does ETC occur

Intermembrane Space

Reactants of Photosynthesis

CO2, H2O, and light

Products of Photosynthesis

Glucose and O2

Calvin Cycle

converts CO2 to glucose

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur

stroma

Where does the light reactions occur

Thylokoids

Another name for light reactions

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

Another name for the Calvin Cycle

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Chromosomes

tightly coiled bodies of chromatin

G1 Phase

Growth

S Phase

Growth and duplication of DNA
Synthesis

G2 Phase

growth and preparation for cell divison

Prophase

Nucleoli disappears
chromatin condenses
nuclear envelope breaks down
mitotic spindle assembles

Metaphase

Chromosomes are distributed across metaphase plate

Anaphase

Chromosomes are separated into chromatids
microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite poles

Telophase

Nuclear envelope develops around each pole
nuclei appears

Prophase I

prophase of mitosis
synapsis
tetrads
crossing over

Synapsis

homologous chromosomes pair

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes spread across metaphase plate

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes pulled to opposite poles

Prophase II- Telophase II

just like mitosis

Types of Genetic Variation

Crossing over
Independent Assortment
Random joining of gametes

G1 Checkpoint

if conditions are not appropriate or if the cell is genetically programmed not to divide it remains in extended phase

G2 Checkpoint

evaluates the accuracy of DNA replication and signals whether or not to begin mitosis

M Checkpoint

occurs during metaphase
ensures that microtubules are attached to kinetochores

Factors that influence onset cell divison

Checkpoints
Cyclin dependent kinases
growth factors
density dependent inhibition
anchorage dependence

Cyclin Dependent kinases

activate proteins that regulate the cell cycle

Growth Factors

plasma membrane receptors sense external molecules that stimulate the cell to divide

Density dependent inhibition

cells stop dividing when surrounding cell density reaches max

Anchorage dependence

cells only divide when attached to external surface like neighboring cell

Epistasis

one gene affects the phenotypic expression of another gene

Pleiotropy

a single gene has more than one phenotypic expression

Helicase

unwinds DNA helix

Topoisomerases

break and rejoin the double helix
removes twists and knots

Primase

initiates DNA replication

RNA primers

short segments of RNA nucleotides used to initiates DNA replication

DNA polymerase

attaches to RNA primers and begins adding DNA nucleotides to the complement strand

Leading strand

assembled continuously

Lagging strand

assembled in short Okazaki fragment

DNA ligase

joins Okazaki fragments

processes in protein synthesis

transcription
RNA processing
translation

steps of transcription

initiation
elongation
termination

Initiation of Transcription

RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region on DNA
unzips DNA in two strands
contains TATA

Elongation

RNA nucleotides are assembled on DNA template
occurs in 5-3 direction

Termination

RNA polymerase reaches a sequence that serves a termination point

Before a mRNA molecule can leave the nucleus, what must be attached?

5 cap
poly A tail
RNA splicing
Alternative splicing

RNA splicing

deletes the introns and splice exons

Alternative splicing

allows different mRNA to be generated from the same RNA

steps in translation

inbitiation
elongation
termination

where does translation occur

cytoplasm

Fixed Action Patterns

innate behavior that follow a regular pattern

Imprinting

innate program for acquiring a specific behavior only if an appropriate stimulus is experienced during the critical period

Associative learning

occurs when animal learns that two or more events are connected

trial and error learning/ operant conditioning

when an animal connect its behavior to an environmental response like pain

Spatial learning

when an animal associates attributes of a location with the reward it gains by being able to identify and return to that location

Habituation

a learned behavior that allows the animal to disregard meaningless stimuli

Observational Learning

when an animal copies the behavior of another animal without having experienced the prior positive reinforcement with the behavior

Insight

when an animal, exposed to a new situation and without an prior experience, performs a behavior that generates a desirable outcome

Kinesis

undirected change in speed of an animals movement in response to a stimuli

Taxis

directed movement in response to a stimuli

Migration

long distance, seasonal movement of animals

Pheromones

chemicals used for communication

Releaser pheromones

chemicals that cause immediate and specific behavioral changes

Primer pheromones

Chemicals that cause physiological changes

Types of communication in animals

chemical
visual
auditory
tactile(touching)

Foraging Behaviors

optimize feeding

types of foraging behaviors

herds
flocks
schools
packs

types of social behavior

agonistic
dominance hierarchies
territoriality
altruistic

Agonistic Behavior

aggression
originates from competition for food, mates, and territory

Dominance Hierarchies

indicate power and status relationship in a group
minimize fighting

Territoriality

active possession and defense of territory in which animals live

Altruistic Behavior

unselfish behavior that reduces fitness of an individual
an animal risks it safety for another animal