Anat and Phys 1.1

What is the smallest unit of life?

The cell

Humans are composed primarily of molecule containing 4 elements, what are the?

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen

Extrinsic regulation of homeostasis involves signals sent to a control center. What detects a change away from homeostasis and sends this signal to the control center

Receptor

In extrinsic regulation of homeostasis, what two kinds of tissues are the effectors

Muscle tissue and glandular tissue

Nearer to the point of attachment of an extremity. This best describes what anatomical term.

Proximal

Toward the head (or up in anatomical position) this best describes what anatomical term(s)?

1. Superior
2. Cephalad

Away from the midline of the body. This best describes what anatomical term?

lateral

What anatomical plane creates a left and right division of the body?

Sagittal

What is the anatomical term for the type of movement that occurs at the ankle joint when someone goes from anatomical position to standing on their toes?

Plantarflexion

True or False, In anatomical postion, the forearm is pronated?

False

What type of feedback loop is utilized most commonly by the body to regulate homeostasis?

Negative feedback

What is the anatomical term for the body region of the lower extremity distal to the knee but proximal to the ankle

leg

Of the 9 abdomen pelvic region, which is at the center surrounding the belly button?

Umbilical

What structure(s) are housed in the dorsal body cavity

brain and spinal cord

True or False, The heart is contained in the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium

false

a double layer of phosolipids embedded with proteins this best describes what?

plasma membrans

What is the space between the lungs and the thoracic cavity called?

Mediastinum

What structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Diaphragm

How many chromosomes do humans have in their somatic cells?

46

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane a down its concentration gradient is best described as...

osmosis

If i fropped a cell into a hypertonic solution, what would happen?

cell would shrink

The Na+ K+ pumps in our cells use ATP to move NA the K ion against their electrochemical gradients in order to maintain the cells resting potential. This is an example of what?

Active transport

Translation is carried out by what cellular organelle?

ribosome

the process of transcription produces what kind of molecule?

mRNA

What part of the cytoskeleton in cells acts like railroad tracks for the transport of vesicles throughout the cell?

Microtubules

What nucleotide base is found in DNA but not in RNA?

Thymine

Mitosis of a single human somatic cell results in what?

2 cells that each have the same number of chromosomes that the parent cell had

What is the correct order of the phases of mitosis?

Innerphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How would you describe thin epithelial tissue?

Stratified squamous

Some glandular epithelial cells produce vesicles and release them to the outside of the cell through exocytosis. What is the term for this type of secretion?

Merocrine Secretion

Epithelial tissue is highly vascular (contains a lot of blood vessels)

False

Cartilage and bones are the two components of what kind of connective tissue?

Supporting connective tissue

Ligaments and tendons are considered what type of tissue?

Dense regular tissue

What cell(s) can be found in connective tissue proper?

Fibrocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages

Melanocytes are found in what layer of the epidermis?

Stratum Germinativum

What layer of the epidermis is connected in the basal lamina AND what structure forms the connections between the epidermis and the basal lamina?

Stratum germinativum/hemidesmosomes

What layer of skin contains the papillary and cutaneous plexuses?

Dermis

What protein makes the outer layer of our skin, as well as our hair and nails, tough and water resistant?

Keratin

What gland helps cool our bodies when we are hot to maintain homeostasis?

Sudoriferous Glands

Freckles are areas of the skin where there is an increased number of melanocytes?

False

What are the two non-living components of bone?

Type I collagen and hydroxyapatite

Compact bone is composed of multiple functional units called what?

Osteons

What cells produce new bone tissue?

Osteoblasts

Interstitial bone growth occurs in what tissue region of the long bones?

Epiphyseal plate

What is the name of the plasma membrane connection between adjacent osteocytes that allow the diffusion of nutrients from the central canal to the outer layers of the osteon?

Gap Junctions

Osteocytes live in small openings in compact bone. What is the name of these small spaces where osteocytes live?

lacunae

Most bones in our body form by what ossification process?

Endochondral ossification

What hormone acts to lower blood calcium levels

Calcitonin

What is the last step in fracture repair/healing?

Remodeling

What anatomical plane creates a superior and inferior division?

Transverse/horizontal

Where does transcription take place?

Nucleus

What performs transcription?

RNA Polymerase (enzyme)

What does transcription do?

Reads a DNA strand and copies the amino acid chain into mRNA

Where does translation take place?

Cytoplasm

What performs translation?

Ribosomes

What does translation create?

A protein

What step comes first translation or transcription?

Transcription