Experiments & Sampling

Sampling Bias

Some people in the target population don't have the same chance as being chosen as a participant (hence they might not be represented in the sample)

Experimental Hypothysis

Predicting a causal relationship

Null hypothesis

The IV has no affect on the DV

External validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or transferred to another sample or context.

Internal validity

artificiality

how unnatural something is

causal relationship

IV causes change in DV

operationalize

to make variables measurable

quantities research

research donsucted which studys a causal relationship

standardized procedure

procedure is put down in clear and detailed steps so that it can be replicated easily

randomization

everyone have the same chance to be selected (no bias)
-for a sample
-for a condition

control condition

a condition where the IV is 'natural' so that the result can be compared

Indepentend variable

changed by researcher

dependent variable

researcher measures

extraneous variable

other variables that effect DV

researcher bias

researchers desiares influences studys result

objective data colection

collecting data without biases

target population

part of the general population that the researchers want to study

sample

participants from the target population

demand characteristics

participants know they are taking part in a study

participant bias

participant behave unnaturally to please or disrupt the reseachers insted of behaving naturally

random sampling

everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being picked as a participant

if the target population is very heterogeneous, then random sampling could still generate a biased sample.

stratified sampleing

the make up of the participant variables in the sample is same as the makeup in the target population. Stratified sampling attempts to make a sample that reflects the sub-groups within a target population.

One has to be carefully about how they label the groups within a community.

purposive sampling

A purposive sample is looking for people with a very specific set of traits.

Snowball sampling

Participants recruit other participants for a study.

This is a type of purposive sampling but this may help build trust with researcher.

Self-sampling

participants volunteer to be a part of the study. Thus often have informed consent. ‘Non-probablity sample‘

opportunity sampling

using predetermined groups

population validity

do the participants accuratly represent the target population

participant variables

participants traids that might effect result

population validity

to what extend can the study be generalized to general population

unbias (TEACUP)

is the theory influenced by personal interests or prejuctice towards sertain part of population

applicable

can the theory be observed and dose it apply in real situations

extraneous variables

variables other then IV that effect DV

priming

-personal experience that makes schema more accessable (the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory)

gatekeeper

newly edited schemas are more asseable

accessablitliy

increases with more regular, personal experiences

personal identity

who we think we are and how we differ from others

tajfel aim

To investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups.

Bandura aim

To investigate the extent to which children would imitate aggression modelled by an adult, and to investigate the effects of gender on imitation.

counter balancing

Systematic alternation of the order of treatment conditions, to avoid order effects in a repeated measures design.

order effect

within suject design, participant doing bot conditions might affect DV due to them getting bored, practise ect.

permeability

ability to switch between groups

Positive distinctiveness

the motivation to show that our ingroup is different and better to an outgroup.

Types of samples:

1. Random

2. Snowball (network)

3. Stratified

4. Volunteer (Self-selected)

5. Opportunity (Convenience)

Things important in relation to samples:

1. Sampling Bias

2. Participant variability

WEIRD

1. Western

2. Educated

3. Industialized

4. Rich

5. Democratic

Sampling Bias

Some people in the target population don't have the same chance as being chosen as a participant (hence they might not be represented in the sample)

Experimental Hypothysis

Predicting a causal relationship

Null hypothesis

The IV has no affect on the DV

External validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or transferred to another sample or context.

Internal validity

artificiality

how unnatural something is

causal relationship

IV causes change in DV

operationalize

to make variables measurable

quantities research

research donsucted which studys a causal relationship

True/Key Experiment

1. we are trying to establish a causal relationship between teh IV and DV

2. The IV is controlled by the researcher

3. Participants are randomly allocated into eitehr ocndition

4. All CVs are controlled

5. Standardized Procedure

6. Deception is used to minimize DC in participants

7. Independant Samples or Repeated measures

8. High internal validity, mostly low external validity

standardized procedure

procedure is put down in clear and detailed steps so that it can be replicated easily

randomization

everyone have the same chance to be selected (no bias)
-for a sample
-for a condition

control condition

a condition where the IV is 'natural' so that the result can be compared

Indepentend variable

changed by researcher

dependent variable

researcher measures

extraneous variable

other variables that effect DV

researcher bias

researchers desiares influences studys result

objective data colection

collecting data without biases

target population

part of the general population that the researchers want to study

sample

participants from the target population

demand characteristics

participants know they are taking part in a study

participant bias

participant behave unnaturally to please or disrupt the reseachers insted of behaving naturally

random sampling

everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being picked as a participant

if the target population is very heterogeneous, then random sampling could still generate a biased sample.

stratified sampleing

the make up of the participant variables in the sample is same as the makeup in the target population. Stratified sampling attempts to make a sample that reflects the sub-groups within a target population.

One has to be carefully about how they label the groups within a community.

purposive sampling

A purposive sample is looking for people with a very specific set of traits.

Snowball sampling

Participants recruit other participants for a study.

This is a type of purposive sampling but this may help build trust with researcher.

Self-sampling

participants volunteer to be a part of the study. Thus often have informed consent. ‘Non-probablity sample‘

opportunity sampling

using predetermined groups

population validity

do the participants accuratly represent the target population

participant variables

participants traids that might effect result

population validity

to what extend can the study be generalized to general population

unbias (TEACUP)

is the theory influenced by personal interests or prejuctice towards sertain part of population

applicable

can the theory be observed and dose it apply in real situations

extraneous variables

variables other then IV that effect DV

priming

-personal experience that makes schema more accessable (the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory)

gatekeeper

newly edited schemas are more asseable

accessablitliy

increases with more regular, personal experiences

personal identity

who we think we are and how we differ from others

tajfel aim

To investigate if intergroup discrimination would take place based on being put into different groups.

Bandura aim

To investigate the extent to which children would imitate aggression modelled by an adult, and to investigate the effects of gender on imitation.

counter balancing

Systematic alternation of the order of treatment conditions, to avoid order effects in a repeated measures design.

order effect

within suject design, participant doing bot conditions might affect DV due to them getting bored, practise ect.

permeability

ability to switch between groups

Positive distinctiveness

the motivation to show that our ingroup is different and better to an outgroup.

prospective study

Study which observes individuals to determine the extent, development or possibility to contract a disease (eg. Norassakkunkit & Uchida)

Independent variable (IV)

Variable manipulated by the researcher

Dependent variable (DV)

The variable measured by the researcher

Extraneous variables

Variables other than the IV that may effect DV.

E.g. Confounding and __ variables

Types of Hypotheses

1. Null

2. Experimental/ Research

3. Directional

4. Non-directional

Situations for each hypothesis

Null & Alternative - You always do these

Directional - If there is previous research about the topic of teh study

Non-directional - No/little previous research

Experimental Hypothesis

Predicting a causal relationship

Causal Relationship

IV causes change in DV

Null hypothesis

The IV has no affect on the DV

External validity

The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or transferred to another sample or context.