Life Span Development Ch 2.

Genome

Full set of genes that are instructions to make individuals members of certain species

Allele

Variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for same characteristics. Many genes never vary, others have several possible alleles

XX/XY

Twenty-two pairs (44chromosomes) match closely but 23 pairs XX (female) XY (male) sperm determines sex of zygote

Carriers

Person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, carried genes occur in half of carriers reproductive cells, passed onto half of carriers children

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development (identical twins)

Zygote

Single cell formed from union of two reproductive cells, sperm & ovum

Microbiome

Entire collection of all microbes within another living organism

Epigenetics

Study of how environmental factors affect genes & genetic expression; enhancing, halting, shaping, altering expression of genes

Genotype

Organism’s entire genetic inheritance/ genetic potential

Phenotype

Observable characteristics of a person’s; appearance, personality. intelligence, all other traits

Dizygotic (DZ) twins

Formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm, roughly the same time (fraternal twins)

Germinal- Period

First two weeks. 65% Do Not grow/ implant properly, Do Not survive

Embryonic-Period

Third- eight weeks. 20 % Abort spontal, early miscarriage

Fetal- Period

Ninth week- birth. 5% Fetus abort spontanl, still born

Implantation

Embedding into the nurturing lining of uterus

Age of Viability

22 weeks after conception, fetus might survive outside the uterus. If specialized medical care is available

Apgar Scale

Assessment of newborn’s health 0 to 10. Below 5 is a emergency nn summoned immediately, Most babies 7,8,9

Teratogen

Agent / condition, including viruses, drugs, chemicals, impair prenatal development results birth defects/ death

FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Cluster of birth defects, abnormal facial, characteristics, slow physical growth, reduced intellectual ability

(LBW) Low Birthweight

Body weight at birth of less than 2,500 grams (5 ½ pounds)

(VLBW) Very Low Birthweight

Body weight at birth of less than 1,500 grams ( 3 pounds, 5 ounces)

(ELBW) Extremely Low Birthweight

Body weight of less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces)

Preterm

Birth that occurs two/more weeks before full 38 weeks of typical pregnancy. 36 or fewer weeks after conception

(SGA) Small For Gestational Age

Baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected

Immigrant Paradox

Surprising, paradoxical fact that low-SES immigrant birthing parents tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes

Doula

A person who helps with the birth process

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

Surgical birth which incisions through abdomen & uterus

Postpartum Depression

New parent’s feeling of inadequacy & sadness in days & weeks after giving birth

Kangaroo Care

Form of newborn care in which parents rest their babies on their naked chests