Biology- Exchange and transport in animals

Nutrients

Nutrients

Substances essential for biological processes, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that provide energy for cellular activities and growth.

Oxygen

Necessary for cellular respiration, the process that generates energy in cells.

Water

Crucial for maintaining hydration and facilitating chemical reactions in organisms.

Hormones

Signalling molecules that regulate physiological functions in organisms.

Enzymes

Molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in organisms.

Exchange surfaces

Specialized surfaces that allow efficient transport of substances from one area to another in organisms.

Alveoli

Air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is transferred to the blood and carbon dioxide is transferred to the lungs.

Villi

Projections in the small intestine where digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Root hair cell

Specialized cell in plant roots that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.

Surface area

The size of a surface, which affects the rate of diffusion of substances.

Volume

The amount of space occupied by an object or organism.

Adaptation

A trait or characteristic that helps an organism survive and function in its environment.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that carries various components, such as glucose, amino acids, platelets, white blood cells, and urea.

Red blood cells

Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body.

White blood cells

Blood cells that are part of the immune system and defend the body against pathogens.

Platelets

Small fragments of bone marrow that help blood clotting.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that allow for close proximity of blood to cells and facilitate diffusion.

Heart

Organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

Deoxygenated blood

Blood that flows into the right atrium and is pumped into the lungs for gas exchange.

Oxygenated blood

Blood that flows into the left atrium and is pumped around the body to deliver oxygen.

Coronary arteries

Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

Pacemakers

Cells found in the right atrium that control the heart's natural resting heart rate.

Artificial pacemaker

An electrical device that produces a signal to regulate the heart's rhythm.

Cellular respiration

Exothermic reaction that occurs in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes.

Aerobic respiration

Respiration that uses oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration that does not use oxygen.

Respirometers

Instruments used to measure the rate of respiration in living organisms.

Heart rate

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

Stroke volume

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each heartbeat.

Cardiac output

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute.