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Nutrients
Substances essential for biological processes, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that provide energy for cellular activities and growth.
Oxygen
Necessary for cellular respiration, the process that generates energy in cells.
Water
Crucial for maintaining hydration and facilitating chemical reactions in organisms.
Hormones
Signalling molecules that regulate physiological functions in organisms.
Enzymes
Molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in organisms.
Exchange surfaces
Specialized surfaces that allow efficient transport of substances from one area to another in organisms.
Alveoli
Air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is transferred to the blood and carbon dioxide is transferred to the lungs.
Villi
Projections in the small intestine where digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Root hair cell
Specialized cell in plant roots that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil.
Surface area
The size of a surface, which affects the rate of diffusion of substances.
Volume
The amount of space occupied by an object or organism.
Adaptation
A trait or characteristic that helps an organism survive and function in its environment.
Plasma
The liquid component of blood that carries various components, such as glucose, amino acids, platelets, white blood cells, and urea.
Red blood cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body.
White blood cells
Blood cells that are part of the immune system and defend the body against pathogens.
Platelets
Small fragments of bone marrow that help blood clotting.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that allow for close proximity of blood to cells and facilitate diffusion.
Heart
Organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
Deoxygenated blood
Blood that flows into the right atrium and is pumped into the lungs for gas exchange.
Oxygenated blood
Blood that flows into the left atrium and is pumped around the body to deliver oxygen.
Coronary arteries
Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.
Pacemakers
Cells found in the right atrium that control the heart's natural resting heart rate.
Artificial pacemaker
An electrical device that produces a signal to regulate the heart's rhythm.
Cellular respiration
Exothermic reaction that occurs in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes.
Aerobic respiration
Respiration that uses oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration that does not use oxygen.
Respirometers
Instruments used to measure the rate of respiration in living organisms.
Heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each heartbeat.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute.
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