DH105 Dental Anatomy Head and Neck Final

Three ways to spread infection??

1- Vascular System

2- Lymphatic System

3- Spread nu spaces

An Abcess is :

A localized entrapment of pathogens

Suppuration is the formation of:

Pus

What is the Fistula

A drainage tract

A Stoma is ...

The opening of the drainage tract

Cellulitis is ...

Diffuse inflammation of soft tissue

Osteomyelitis is...

inflammation of bone and marrow caused by bacterial invasion

Bacteremia is

Bacteria traveling into vascular system

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

The infected embolus can travel in veins, draining the oral cavity.

Location: On body of sphenoid bones; communicated with Pterygoid plexus

Medial Branches of common carotid artery

Ascending pharyngeal artery

Posterior branches of common carotid artery

Occipital artery and posterior auricular artery

Terminal Branches of common carotid artery

1- Maxillary artery

2- Superficial temporal artery

External carotid artery branches (lowest to highest)

1) superior thyroid artery

2) Lingual artery

3) Facial artery

Internal carotid artery supplies the...

Eyes and brain

External carotid artery supplies the...

extracranial tissue of head and neck and oral cavity

Infratemporal fossa branches...

1) inferior alveolar artery

2) Mental artery

3) temporal branch

4) masseter

5) pterygoid branch

6) buccal branch

Pterygopalatine definition and branches

It lies behind and slightly below the orbital cavity

1.) Descending palatine artery (lesser and greater palatine artery) : Supply palatal mucosa and maxillary lingual gingiva

2.) posterior superior alveolar artery: Supplies maxillary teeth

3.) Pterygopalatine: Supplies most of the nasal cavity

4.) Infraorbital artery: Supplies eyes and lips

The facial artery

It runs deep to the submandibular gland and supplies mandibular glands

- Submental artery

- Angular artery

Lingual Artery Branches : Travels forward and deep.. Divides into 3 branches

1- Dorsal lingual artery- supplies deep posterior part of tongue

2- Deep lingual artery- supplies deep anterior of tongue

3- Sublingual artery- supplies ventral surface of tongue and the floor of mouth

Veins involved in Venous drainage

- Internal jugular vein

- maxillary vein

- retromolar vein

Facial nerve & Tongue

7th cranial nerve (VII) serves as the muscles of facial expression

Efferent muscles of facial expression

Bony opening: stylomastoid foramen

Tongue: taste sensation anterior 2/3 of tongue

The branches of the mandibular nerve

V3) IA nerve formed by mergence of mental and incisive nerves- mandibular foramen

- mental nerve

- incisive nerve

- mylohyoid nerve

- deep temporal nerves

The masseteric nerve is the motor division and innervates muscles of mastication.

Branches of the Maxillary nerve

- ASA nerve

-MSA nerve

-PSA nerve

-GP nerve

-LP nerve

-NP nerve

Olfactory nerve

1st cranial nerve and transmits smell from nose to brain

Bony opening : cribriform plate

Trigeminal nerve sensory root

V1) ophthalmic

V2) Maxillary

V3) Mandibular

Anatomic Position

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Contralateral

Structure On opposite sides

Ipsilateral

Structures on the same side

Deep

Inwards and away from surface

Superficial

Located toward a surface

Distal

Area furthest away from the midsaggital plane

Mesial

Area closest to midsaggital plane: Medial

Dorsal

Part directed towards posterior

Ventral

Toward anterior

External

Outside of wall/ Hollow structure

Internal

inside wall / hollow structure

Median

Structure at the median/midsaggital plane

Saggital

Plane parallel to midsaggital

Midsaggital

Plane that divides the body into right and left halves

Transverse

Plane that divides body at any level into superior and inferior parts

Frontal plane

lane dividing body at any level into anterior and posterior parts

Horizontal plane

Anatomical plane that divides the body into half the superior and inferior sections

Median plane

Plane that divides body into right and left halves

Saggital plane

Plane parallel to midsaggital plane

Gland

A structure that produces chemical secretion necessary for body function

Duct

A passageway that allows secretion necessary to be emptied directly into where secretion used to be

Exocrine glands

Have duct for secretion

Endocrine glands

Have no duct but secrete directly into vascular system

Lacrimal Glands

Tears or lacrimal fluid supplied by lacrimal artery

Salivary glands

Part of the defenses of the immune system and the start of the down of food in the digestive system. Saliva also lubricates and cleanses the oral cavity.

Major salivary glands

Exocrine glands: have a duct for secretion

1) parotid gland; Largest (25%. of total salivary volume) Stenson's duct

2- submandibular gland: Second largest (60-65% of total salivary volume) Wharton's duct

3- Sublingual; most minor (10% of total salivary volume) Bartholins duct

Whartons duct

Submandibular glands primary excretory duct and opens at sublingual crauncle

Minor salivary glands

Located throughout the mouth include: Von Ebrier glands and blood supply from various arteries

Thyroid gland

The largest endocrine gland that secretes thyroxine that stimulates the metabolic rate of the body isthe anterior lateral region of the neck. Blood supply from inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries

Parathyroid gland

Consists of 4 small endocrine glands, superior and inferior thyroid glands. Supplies inferior thyroid arteries

Thymus gland

An endocrine gland that helps find disease located in the thorax and anterior region of the base of the neck. Blood supply from inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries

Anterior

the front of an area in relationship to whole body

Posterior

The back of an area in relationship to the whole body

Apex

Pointed ends of conical structure

Lymphatic system

Lymph flows into the lymph node by multiple afferent vessels. Lymph flows out of lymph nodes by single efferent muscle.

Process:

1- lymph first drains into the primary node

2- lymph drains into secondary nodes

3- secondary nodes drain into tertiary nodes

4- smaller lymphatic vessels converge to larger ducts which empty into the venous system

Superficial nodes of the head

Could allow lymph infection to reach aorta

- Occipital nodes

- preauricular nodes

- facial nodes

Deep nodes of the head

- Deep parotid lymph nodes

- Retropharyngeal nodes

Superficial cervical nodes

- Submental nodes

- submandibular nodes

Deep cervical nodes

- Superior deep cervical node

- inferior deep cervical node

jugulodigastric node

A large node located at angle of mandible and recieves drainage from nodes that drain upper area

Tonsils

Part of the lymphatic system: Masses of lymphoid tissue

Lymphatic system (Right side)

Converge by way of right jugular trunk joining right arm and thorax to form right thoracic duct

Lymphatic system (Left side)

Converge by way of left jugular trunk joining left subclavian and left internal jugular vein. This drains entire lower half of body

Muscles of facial expression

-Levator Labii superioris - Maxilla - upper lip

-Zygomatic major - zygomatic bone- labial commissures

-Zygomatic minor- zygomatic bone - upper lip

-levator angulioris - maxilla- labial commissures

-Depressor Labii inferioris- Mandible- Lower lip

-Mentalis- Mandible- Chin

Cervical muscles

Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Muscles of mastication

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

Hyoid muscles

- Suprahyoid

- mylohyoid

- stylohyoid

-geniohyoid

Extrinsic tongue muscles

genioglossus, styloglossus, hypoglossus, palatoglossus

Buccal mucosa tissue??

Is epithelium tissue

Importance of surface anatomy ??

To correctly assess patients and know what normal surface anatomy looks like so where there is a slight deviation within a person. it may signal a condition of clinical significance

Pterygoid process importance

the jaw to move up and down and side to side as it contracts and relaxes

Sphenoid bone importance

helps for base of lateral sides of skill in combination with orbital floor and is a conduit for several nerves

Hard palate is formed by :

palatine processes of maxillae and posterior part of horizontal plates of palatine bones

Muscles of mastication

- temporalis

- masseter

- medial pterygoid

- lateral pterygoid

This artery is seen on the skull under skin

Occipital artery