Blood

define blood and contents

fluid connective tissue pumped through blood vessels; plasma, proteins, cells, platelets

function of blood

transports gases, nutrients, hormone, waste, clotting, water balance, pH, temp

facts about blood

8% of body weight

females (4-5L) less than males (5-6L)

hemoglobin

carries oxygen and brings back CO2

blood components

majority plasma

formed elements (erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes)

function of plasma

maintains homeostasis

plasma proteins

derived from liver (7% of plasma)

albumin

abundant; osmotic pressure

globulins

alpha, beta, gamma

alpha and beta

transport hormone, iron, lipids, vitamins

gamma

antibodies/immunoglobins

fibrinogen

blood clotting- becomes solid fibrin

hematopoiesis

synthesis of formed elements

myeloid

RBC, WBC, platelets

lymphoid

lymphocytes (B, T, natural killer)

b-lymphocytes

anti-bodies

shape of erythrocytes

biconcave and flexible

hematocrit

% of blood volume with RBC

average hematocrit

45%

low hematocrit

anemia

faulty erythropoiesis

high hematocrit

polycythemia (high RBC)

dehydration, excessive erythropoiesis

erythroprotein

stimulate stem cells based on kidney oxygenation

folic acid/vitamin B12

dna synthesis

erythropoiesis elements

erythropoietin, hemoglobin, folic acid/vitamin B12

hemolyis

destruction; 120 day life spans, macrophages in liver and spleen recycle hemoglobin

colony stimulating factors lead to

cell differentiation = luekocytes

how are leukocytes identified

nucleus and granules

granulocytes

nuetrophils, eosionphils, basophils

nuetrophils

abundant; first at infection, macrophages

eosionphils

parasites, allergic reactions

basophils

release chemical for inflammation and anti-clotting

agranulocytes

monocytes, lymphocytes

monocytes

macrophages, denditric cells

platelets

blood clotting, smallest elements in blood

thrombopoiesis

formation of platelets, 10 day life spans, extra stored in spleen- when needed for hemorrhage

thrombocytosis

too many platelets

thrombocytopenia

too few platelets

hemostasis steps

1.vascular spams (muscles contract)

2. platelets plugs (attach to collagen & release chemical)

3. coagulation (fibrin solidies to clot blood)

intrinsic

within damaged blood vessels; initiated by collagen

extrinsic

within damaged surrounding tissues

common

product of intrinsic/extrinsic + calcium (clotting factor) = prothrombinase

clot retraction

fibrin protein squeeze out plasma and bring broken edges together

fibrinolysis

plasmin dissolves clot

hematoma

swelling of clotted blood within tissues

thrombus

clot persists in unbroken blood vessel

embolus

thrombus freely floating

infarct

clot block blood - stroke/coronary

blood types

presence/absence of RBC glycoproteins

A

anti-b bodies

B

anti-A bodies

AB

no antibodies

O

anti A/B antibodies

Rh+

no antibodies potential

Rh-

potential for antibodies

O-

universal donor

blood type incompatibility

agglutination

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

maternal antibody agglutination with fetal RBC

mononucleosis

EBV (virus) of B cells to monocytes- spread by body fluids

Leukemia

abnormal white blood cells

leukemia (myeloid)

stem cells create cancerous cells (granulocytes, monocytes)

leukemia (lymphocytic)

lymphoid stem cells create cancerous cells (lymphocytes)

renal anemia

kidneys

iron-deficiency anemia

most common

pernicious anemia

insufficient B-12

aplastic anemia

insufficient erythropoiesis- bone marrow destruction

hemorrhagic anemia

intense bleeding

hemolytic anemia

hemolysis or erythrocytes

hemophilia

genetic disorder, prevent blood from clotting normally

Chemical used by basophils in allergic reactions

Histamine

How does a fibrinogen activate

Platelet plug