Genetics Vocab Quiz

Transforming principle

DNA is responsible for transformation, Avery,Macleod, McCarthy experiment

DNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, genetic material that is double stranded with each strand composed of repeating units of deoxyribonucleotides

RNA

ribose nucleic acid, comosed of ribonucleotides, synthesized via transcription of DNA

Nucleotide

monomer unit containing pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group

Hydrogen bond

Electronegative atom bonds to an electropositive atom and holds together 2 strands of DNA, how base pairs bond

Phosphodiester bond

a strong covalent bond that connects sugar and phosphate group to form the backbone in a strand of nucleotides

Chromosome/Chromatin

One DNA molecule and protein that carries genetic information

Association of DNA and protein

Genome

Full amount of genetic material in an organism in cludes introns and extrons

Centromere

Condensed region of chromosome that separates the chromosome in 2 halves

Telomere

Ends of chromosomes

Euchromatin

Region of light staining where DNA is looser

Heterochromatin

Region of dark staining where there is tightly packed DNA

Nucleosome

the repeating structural unit within eukaryotic chromatin. Composed of double stranded DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins

Semiconservative model

Each strand is separated then doubled and the original strand is with a new strand. What is principle for DNA replication

Conservative model

conserve the original strand of DNA

Dispersive model

mix of both heavy and light in all of the strands

proof reading

the ability to remove mismatched bases done by DNA polymerase III

Origin of replication

the site where DNA replication starts

Replication bubble

unwound region of DNA helicase where replication occurs

Replication fork

half of the replication bubble

Template strands

exisiting strand of DNA that guids the creation of a new strand

DNA helicase

enzyme that separates the 2 strands of DNA

toposiomerase

the enzyme that relieves supercoil pressure by breaking phosphodiester bonds and putting them back together

RNA primase

A short strand of RNA made by primase that is used to elongate a strand of DNA during DNA replication

Single strand DNA binding proteins

protein that binds to a single strand of DNA to protect it

DNA denaturation

where 2 DNA strands unwind and separate into 2 single strands because of physical or chemical factors that break the hydrogen bonds between bases

leading strand

strand that is made continuously

lagging strand

shorter pieces of DNA everytime bubble opens up a new primer is added

DNA polymerase III

replication and chain elongation, has proof reading function

DNA polymerase I

degrades RNA primer and fills in gaps with DNA

Okazaki fragments

each individual strand of lagging strands

DNA ligase

joins together broken pieces of DNA by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds

telomerase

maintains the ends of telomeres by using an RNA primase to create repeate sequence

Transcription

creation of RNA from a sequence of DNA

divergent transcription

transcription that occurs from both strands

mRNA

contains same information from DNA to create proteins

tRNA

carries amino acids to mRNA during translation

rRNA

component of ribosomes- where translation takes place

snRNA

involved in processing of RNA

siRNA

involved in regulating translation

RNA polymerase

a single, multiunit enzyme that synthesizes all classes of RNA from a DNA template during transcription

Gene regulatory elements

A sequence of DNA that regulate transcription in some way

Template strand

strand that is read to make a copy

nontemplate strand

strand that is not used but codes for amino acids

promoter

region that defines start site of transcription

sigma factor

protein that helps it know where to start

COnsensus sequence

best estimate of sequences

RNA polumerase II

transcribes small genes like tRNA

Pre-mRNA

initial unprocessed single strand RNA that is produced by transcription of DNA in the nucleus

5’ UTR

leader sequence

3’ UTR

trailer sequence

Exon

expressed sequences that get into RNA

Intron

intervening sequences that are removed by splicing

5’ cap

prevents degradation

Poly A tail

tells cells to add adenine, stabilizes RNA

Protein coding sequence

the specific portion of a gene or mRNA molecule that directly specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein

alternative splicing

splice and create different mRNa in different cells

Amino acid

monomer unit of a protien

peptide bond

bond that likes amino acids together

primary structure

order of amino acids N term to C term

Secondary structure

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet

how it fits into a major groove

tertiary structure

complete 3D structure of a polypeptide

Quarternary structure

complete structure of a multiunit

more than 1 polypeptide together

colinearity

correspondence between the sequence of codons int eh DNA coding strand and that amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

codon

a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotide in DNA that specifies a particular amino acid

reading frame

one of the 3 possible ways to divide a sequence of nucleotides into consecutive non-overlapping triplet base pairs

stop codon

do not code for an amino acid, stops translation

Open reading frame

a region in a genetic sequence that does not contain stop codons

Wobble

last nucleotide in codon doesn’t need last complimentary base pairing to work

Anticodon

a 3 nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

enzymes that add amino acids

ribosome

location of translation

Ribosome binding site

a short sequence of bacteria mRNA that binds to a ribosome and initiates translation

Shine dalgarno sequence

sequence that initiates translation in prokaryotes

cap binding protei n

protein that binds to 5’ cap

Kozak sequence

loose consensus unit start codon for eukaryotes

peptidyl transferase

catalyzes the formation of peptide bond in elongation