Psych exam #2

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior conditioning. (food)

unconditioned response

a naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. ( is not learned) (salivating)

conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a response after and association has been learned (bell)

conditioned response

A response that has been learned. ( Salvation to the bell) 

extinction

The weakening or disappearance of a conditionded response

resistance to extinction

How persistent a behavior is after reinforcement stops. 

EX: High- If you are playing pull casino and you win one time you keep playing hoping to win

Low- Each time a kid goes into a store they ask for candy and parent gives it to them each time. Suddenly parent stops buying candy to kid stops asking

spontaneous recovery

The reappearance to an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Ex: After the dog salivated to the bell, it stopped doing this in an off period. Then went back and bell played response came back but was not as strong.

stimulus generalization

The happens when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus but response in the same way to a different stimulus because it is similar to the original stimulus

Ex: Your dog wags its tail and get excited when your car pulls into the drive way, but also gets excited when hearing another car pull in. 

stimulus discrimination

This occurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus and when a similar stimulus comes up does not have same response

Ex: A dog wags its tail and gets excited when it hears your car. When another car pulls in does not get excited because knows the exact sound of your car.

positive
reinforcement

This increases behavior by administering a desirable stimulus

Ex: Rat pressed lever and was given food leading it to pull lever again

negative reinforcement

This increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.

Ex: Rat feels shock in its feet from the ground when he pulled the lever the shock was turned off leading it to pull lever again

positive punishment

This decreases behavior by administering an aversive stimulus

Ex: Adding chores because your kid got detention

negative punishment

This decrease behavior by removing a desirable stimulus

Ex: Your kid got detention so you take there phone

observational learning

Learning by witnessing others behaviors

What are the four key components of observational learning

1. Have to pay attention

2. Have to retain what happened (retention)

3. Have to reproduce (repoduction)

4. Motivation

What were the findings from Bandura’s
“Bobo Doll” study?

When kids saw bad behavior being rewarded the kids reproduced (acted on) what they saw. They had even expanded on it and took it a step further. 

Levels of processing theory 

Deeper levels of processing results in longer lasting memory codes.

Levels of processing

1. Shallow processing- Structural encoding: emphasis the physical structure of the stimulus- is the word in capital letters? 

2. Intermediate processing- Phonemic encoding: emphasis what a word sounds like- Does the word rhyme with weight?

3. Deep processing- Semantic encoding: Emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Encoding

involves forming a memory code

Storage

Involves maintaining encoded information in your memory over time

Encoding (and storage) strategies 

paying proper attention- Focusing on your awareness on a range of stimuli or events

elaboration- The linking to a stimulus or other information at the time of encoding

Method of loci- taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path were images of items can be remembered are associated with certain locations

Link method- Forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together

testing effect- Testing enhances retention

dual-encoding strategy

holds that memory is enhanced when forming both semantic and visual codes. mental imagery enhances memory 

semantic network

represents inter connections between concepts

Aids in encoding by providing linkages

aids in storage by providing place to store

aids in retrieval by providing multiple paths to the info

ex: Car-wheel-tire-rods

reconstruction of memory

this is when retrieval is a reconstructive process where memories become distorted by new information

misinformation is when people talk about new information after the fact so you add it into your story

misinformation studies

Eye witness to car crash- people watched a video of a car crash when having to report what they saw people saw different words. Like smashed, contacted so make one sound like it was a bad crash. Different words led to different outcomes also asking if smash glass was there when there was not any

lost at the mall- parents described 3 important events in childs life and 4th event was false with them getting lost at the mall. when interviewer told kid you parents said you got lost at thermal kids responded with yes. 

source monitoring error

this occurs when a memory is derived from one source is misattributed to another source

ex: Your roommate said something and you attribute it to your psychology professor. OR Your heard someone verbally say something and you say that you remember seeing it.

retrograde amnesia

A person looses memory of events prior to injury

Anterograde amnesia

A person looses memory for events that happen after the injury

Clive
Wearing

suffered severe brain damage due to herpes simplex virus encephalitis — an infection that attacked parts of his brain, especially the hippocampus

Anterograde- unable to form new memories, his memory re-sets, and think he is awake for the first time over and over

retrograde- partial retrograde amnesia, he can not remember things from his past life

declarative memory

this is factual information. it consists of words, definitions, and dates etc..

Episodic memory

This is chronological or temporarily dated reflection of personal experiments

Semantic memory

General knowledge that is not tied to the time it was learned

Ex: Christmas is december 25th

Procedural memory
(aka nondeclarative memory)

this houses memories for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional memory. 

Ex: riding a bike

functional fixedness

This is the tendency to perceive an item only in term of its most common use. ( cup for drinking, but can also use a cup to hold down papers.)

biological factor that underlie hunger

This is because huger is controlled by the brain mostly in the hypothalamus ( biological needs relevant to survival)— ventromedial nuclear =did not know when to stop eating

environmental factors that underlie hunger

This is when the more food there is the more you eat, also the better the food taste the more you continue to eat it

mental set

this is when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past.

The availability and representativeness heuristics

this is by basing the estimated probability of an event based of the ease witch relevant instances come to mind.

Ex: You estimate the divorce rate based on all the divorces you know off OR it is easier to think about words that begin with a letter then the 3rd letter in a word

The conjunction fallacy

this occurs when people estimate the odds of 2 events happening together rather than alone

Ex: People think that professors are also politicians and assume they are both but in reality they just teach.

confirmation bias

this is the tendency to seek, overdue, and believe information the supports and existing belief.

Ex: Sara is on a low-carb diet so she only goes tow websites that supports it and when she sees website like “low-fat diet same as low-carb she ignores it bc it does not support her belief.

planning fallacy

case information and other information 

This is when people understate how long, costly, or difficult a task with be. 

case:specific information about an individual. (usually trust this bc it is based of off real experiments but not true to trust) 

other: facts

parental investment theory

This referse to what each sex has to invest- in terms of time, energy and survival risk and forgone opportunities to produce and nurture offspring. 

Ex: men will go and have sex with whoever because they can be uncommitted if a girl ends up pregnant girl has to invest more

The 6 basic emotions and related functions

Why universal? 

happiness- something is given to you, sadness- lost someone, fear- scary movie, surprised- birthday surprise, disgust- food, anger- people being mean. You can recognize these emotions of your face people can recognize them universally. 

James-lange theory

your body physical reaction determines your emotion. We feel or see our body react and we use that to determine what emotion we feel. 

Ex: You see a snake In the woods your hands start shaking and your heart starts pounding= scared. 

Schachter two-factor theorie

physical arousal=cognitive interpretation

Ex: You are on a very high bridge and on the other side is an attractive person your palms start to sweat and your heart races you interpret this arousal as romantic and not fear. However if you saw them in a park you would not be as aroused by them

How does the Schachter & Singer Experiment (discussed in class) support the two-factor
theory of emotions?

people were injected with adrenaline and when had to wait in a room with a happy person and a angry person they felt how they person they had to wait with felt like

What factors are weakly, moderately, and strongly associated with happiness

weak: Money, parenthood

Moderately: Beliefs, good health

Strong: Healthy relationships, meaningful work, and optimism

PERMA

positive emotions (optimism)

Engagement (reading)

Relationships ( healthy connections)

Meaning (having an impact on the world)

Accomplishment (striving to meet goals) 

findings from Seligman et al’s (2005) study testing 5 happiness
interventions

gratitude visit- write and deliver a letter in person

*good things list- write 3 good things from that day 

at your best- write about a time you were at your best

*use strengths in new way- take inventory and use your strengths in a new way

identify strengths- take inventory 

Attachment

monkey experiment 

strong emotional bond between caregiver and child

Monkey wanted to feel warmth and comfort 

3 attachment styles

secure - play: explore, departure: cry, reunion: Proximity seeking

avoidant- Play: High explore, departure: low distress, Reunion: Low proximity

anxious ambivalent- play: low exploration, Departure: high distress, Reunion: High proximity and not easily soothes

Erikson’s theory of personality development.

this is a psychological crisis involving traditions in social relationships. personality is based on how people deal with crisis.

Eriksons stages

1. trust versus mistrust. ( if baby biological need are met by caregiver= attatchment)

2. autonomy versus shame and doubt ( personal responsibility like going to bathroom and changing)

3. initiative versus guilt ( if children think of just own needs parents will issue guilt in them)

4. industry versus inferiority ( social sphere is growing to neighbors and school)

Piagets 4 stages

1. sensorimotor (0-2) -- Infant learning is ties to senses and the body (sticking things in there mouth), object permanence (play with doll then make it go away), cause and effect (cry=hugs)

2. preoperational (2-6-7) - - Leraning to engage in mental operations ( we engage in a demonstration and they replicate it earlier (Mom puts makeup on kid starts to act it out) 

irrelevant information

details that sound useful but don’t actually help solve problems

unesecary con