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Vitamin A (Retinol)
Functions in vision (retinal to brain signaling); antioxidant. Deficiency: night blindness, xerophthalmia, retained placenta, blind/uncoordinated neonates. Sources: green feeds, fresh grass, liver, milk, cod liver oil.
Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol D3 / Ergocalciferol D2)
Anti-rachitic vitamin; promotes Ca and P absorption. Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia. Sources: synthesized via sunlight exposure, milk, green grass.
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Antioxidant; prevents muscular dystrophy, involved in reproduction and immune function. Deficiency: reproductive problems, muscular dystrophy. Sources: cereal grains, prepared hays.
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, Menaquinone)
Essential for blood clotting (prothrombin synthesis). Deficiency: hemorrhage, prolonged clotting time. Sources: green forages, cured hay, synthesized in intestines.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency: weakness, anorexia, poor growth. Sources: cereal grains, rice bran.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Part of flavoprotein coenzymes in energy/protein metabolism. Deficiency: dermatitis, slow growth. Sources: milk, green forages, hay.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)
Essential for CHO, protein, and fat metabolism. Deficiency: dermatitis, growth retardation. Sources: synthesized from tryptophan; not in cereal grains.
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)
Part of coenzyme A in metabolism. Deficiency: "goose-stepping" in pigs, poor growth. Sources: widely distributed in feeds.
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. Deficiency: anemia, convulsions, poor growth. Sources: feeds of vegetable origin.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Important in fatty acid synthesis and carboxylation reactions. Deficiency: dermatitis, weight loss. Sources: synthesized in intestines; raw egg whites contain avidin which inhibits biotin.
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid, Folacin)
Functions in DNA and purine synthesis. Deficiency: anemia, growth retardation, poor egg production. Sources: cereals, milk, yeast.
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Required for RBC maturation, propionic acid metabolism. Deficiency: pernicious anemia, unthriftiness (if cobalt is also deficient). Sources: animal-based feeds (meat/fish meal).
Choline
Required for transmethylation, liver fat metabolism, and acetylcholine synthesis. Deficiency: poor growth, fatty liver, perosis in chicks. Sources: liver, yeast, cereals.
Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)
Essential for rumen microbes to synthesize other vitamins. Deficiency: affects microbial synthesis (indirect effects). Sources: microbial origin.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Anti-stress vitamin, needed for collagen synthesis, hematopoiesis. Deficiency: weak connective tissue, stress susceptibility. Sources: most animals synthesize it, but primates must get it from diet.
Calcium (Ca)
Most abundant mineral; bone/teeth structure, muscle contraction, milk secretion. Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia. Sources: legumes, animal products, oyster shell, limestone.
Phosphorus (P)
Component of bones, ATP, enzymes; involved in milk production and acid-base balance. Deficiency: poor bone growth, energy deficiency. Sources: animal products, calcium phosphates, phytates in plants.
Magnesium (Mg)
Enzyme activator in metabolism. Deficiency: grass tetany, hypomagnesemia. Sources: brans, yeast, vegetable proteins; added as Mg oxide.
Potassium (K)
Osmotic balance, nerve and muscle function. Deficiency: weakness, poor growth, tetany. Sources: plant-based feeds.
Sodium (Na)
Main extracellular cation; acid-base balance, nerve impulse, nutrient absorption. Deficiency: reduced growth, neurological signs. Sources: salt, animal feeds.
Chlorine (Cl)
Needed for HCl production in stomach. Deficiency: alkalosis, poor digestion. Sources: salt (NaCl).
Sulfur (S)
Required for synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, vitamins (thiamine, biotin), and insulin. Deficiency: protein synthesis impairment, especially in ruminants fed NPN. Sources: protein feeds.
Iron (Fe)
Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. Deficiency: anemia, poor growth. Sources: meat meal, fish meal, plant sources.
Iodine (I)
Needed for thyroid hormone synthesis (T3, T4). Deficiency: goiter, reduced reproductive performance. Sources: trace levels in various feeds.
Copper (Cu)
Part of enzymes for oxidative metabolism, hemoglobin formation. Deficiency: anemia, depigmentation, poor growth. Sources: common in most feeds.
Manganese (Mn)
Enzyme activator; bone development. Deficiency: perosis in poultry, skeletal deformities, infertility. Sources: rice bran, wheat pollard.
Cobalt (Co)
Needed for vitamin B12 synthesis in ruminants. Deficiency: anemia, emaciation, unthriftiness. Sources: mineral supplements.
Zinc (Zn)
Component of digestive and metabolic enzymes. Deficiency: parakeratosis, poor growth, inflamed mouth. Sources: common in plant and animal feeds.
Selenium (Se)
Part of glutathione peroxidase; protects against oxidative damage. Deficiency: myopathy, exudative diathesis. Sources: dependent on soil content in plants.
Molybdenum (Mo)
Part of enzymes: xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase. Deficiency: rare, usually interacts with copper metabolism. Sources: trace amounts in feeds.