Essential Vitamins and Minerals for Animal Health

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30 Terms

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Vitamin A (Retinol)

Functions in vision (retinal to brain signaling); antioxidant. Deficiency: night blindness, xerophthalmia, retained placenta, blind/uncoordinated neonates. Sources: green feeds, fresh grass, liver, milk, cod liver oil.

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Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol D3 / Ergocalciferol D2)

Anti-rachitic vitamin; promotes Ca and P absorption. Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia. Sources: synthesized via sunlight exposure, milk, green grass.

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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

Antioxidant; prevents muscular dystrophy, involved in reproduction and immune function. Deficiency: reproductive problems, muscular dystrophy. Sources: cereal grains, prepared hays.

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Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, Menaquinone)

Essential for blood clotting (prothrombin synthesis). Deficiency: hemorrhage, prolonged clotting time. Sources: green forages, cured hay, synthesized in intestines.

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency: weakness, anorexia, poor growth. Sources: cereal grains, rice bran.

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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Part of flavoprotein coenzymes in energy/protein metabolism. Deficiency: dermatitis, slow growth. Sources: milk, green forages, hay.

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Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)

Essential for CHO, protein, and fat metabolism. Deficiency: dermatitis, growth retardation. Sources: synthesized from tryptophan; not in cereal grains.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Part of coenzyme A in metabolism. Deficiency: "goose-stepping" in pigs, poor growth. Sources: widely distributed in feeds.

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism. Deficiency: anemia, convulsions, poor growth. Sources: feeds of vegetable origin.

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Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Important in fatty acid synthesis and carboxylation reactions. Deficiency: dermatitis, weight loss. Sources: synthesized in intestines; raw egg whites contain avidin which inhibits biotin.

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Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid, Folacin)

Functions in DNA and purine synthesis. Deficiency: anemia, growth retardation, poor egg production. Sources: cereals, milk, yeast.

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Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Required for RBC maturation, propionic acid metabolism. Deficiency: pernicious anemia, unthriftiness (if cobalt is also deficient). Sources: animal-based feeds (meat/fish meal).

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Choline

Required for transmethylation, liver fat metabolism, and acetylcholine synthesis. Deficiency: poor growth, fatty liver, perosis in chicks. Sources: liver, yeast, cereals.

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Para-aminobenzoic Acid (PABA)

Essential for rumen microbes to synthesize other vitamins. Deficiency: affects microbial synthesis (indirect effects). Sources: microbial origin.

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Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Anti-stress vitamin, needed for collagen synthesis, hematopoiesis. Deficiency: weak connective tissue, stress susceptibility. Sources: most animals synthesize it, but primates must get it from diet.

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Calcium (Ca)

Most abundant mineral; bone/teeth structure, muscle contraction, milk secretion. Deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia. Sources: legumes, animal products, oyster shell, limestone.

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Phosphorus (P)

Component of bones, ATP, enzymes; involved in milk production and acid-base balance. Deficiency: poor bone growth, energy deficiency. Sources: animal products, calcium phosphates, phytates in plants.

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Magnesium (Mg)

Enzyme activator in metabolism. Deficiency: grass tetany, hypomagnesemia. Sources: brans, yeast, vegetable proteins; added as Mg oxide.

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Potassium (K)

Osmotic balance, nerve and muscle function. Deficiency: weakness, poor growth, tetany. Sources: plant-based feeds.

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Sodium (Na)

Main extracellular cation; acid-base balance, nerve impulse, nutrient absorption. Deficiency: reduced growth, neurological signs. Sources: salt, animal feeds.

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Chlorine (Cl)

Needed for HCl production in stomach. Deficiency: alkalosis, poor digestion. Sources: salt (NaCl).

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Sulfur (S)

Required for synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, vitamins (thiamine, biotin), and insulin. Deficiency: protein synthesis impairment, especially in ruminants fed NPN. Sources: protein feeds.

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Iron (Fe)

Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes. Deficiency: anemia, poor growth. Sources: meat meal, fish meal, plant sources.

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Iodine (I)

Needed for thyroid hormone synthesis (T3, T4). Deficiency: goiter, reduced reproductive performance. Sources: trace levels in various feeds.

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Copper (Cu)

Part of enzymes for oxidative metabolism, hemoglobin formation. Deficiency: anemia, depigmentation, poor growth. Sources: common in most feeds.

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Manganese (Mn)

Enzyme activator; bone development. Deficiency: perosis in poultry, skeletal deformities, infertility. Sources: rice bran, wheat pollard.

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Cobalt (Co)

Needed for vitamin B12 synthesis in ruminants. Deficiency: anemia, emaciation, unthriftiness. Sources: mineral supplements.

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Zinc (Zn)

Component of digestive and metabolic enzymes. Deficiency: parakeratosis, poor growth, inflamed mouth. Sources: common in plant and animal feeds.

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Selenium (Se)

Part of glutathione peroxidase; protects against oxidative damage. Deficiency: myopathy, exudative diathesis. Sources: dependent on soil content in plants.

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Molybdenum (Mo)

Part of enzymes: xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase. Deficiency: rare, usually interacts with copper metabolism. Sources: trace amounts in feeds.