Bio Knowledge Check 8

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What is evolution in biology?

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  • process of biological changes by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
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Who was Charles Darwin?

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  • Wrote “One the Origin of Species”
  • Observed many species on the Galapagos Islands
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45 Terms

1
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What is evolution in biology?

  • process of biological changes by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors
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Who was Charles Darwin?

  • Wrote “One the Origin of Species”
  • Observed many species on the Galapagos Islands
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What were his main observations/studies?

  • Noticed the variation of traits among similar species
  • Species found on the island looked diff from those found on nearby islands
  • Galapagos tortoises and finches
  • He believes that these species adapted to their environment
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What is the difference between variation and adaptation?

  • difference in physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals

vs

  • a feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment
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What is biological fitness?

ability to survive and produce more offspring

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What is natural selection?

  • mechanism of evolution, individuals that have beneficial adaptations produce more offspring

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( environment is selective agent)

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How is it connected to evolution? 

  • It can explain how natural selection occurs
  • natural selection is the mechanism of evolution
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What is the selective agent in natural selection?

environment

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What are some examples of natural selection?

  • giraffes evolving long necks for food
  • jaguars (check the slides)
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What is artificial selection?

  • When humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits

    (humans are the selective agent)

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What is the selective agent in artificial selection?

humans

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What are some examples of artificial selection?

Dog breeding

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What are the four principles of natural selection?

  • Overproduction - population creates more offspring that can survive and reproduce

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  • Variation - individuals in a population differ from each other

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  • Adaptation - Some individuals in a population get a trait that makes them better able to survive

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  • Descent w Mod. - organisms with a beneficial adaptation are more likely to survive and reproduce and pass on that trait
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What are some misconceptions about natural selection and evolution?

  • That they are the same thing
  • organisms are always getting better through evolution
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What are the sources of evidence for evolution and HOW do they support the theory of evolution?

  • fossils
  • embryology
  • geography
  • anatomy
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(HOW) Fossils

  • Show the progression of evolution
  • prove the existence of now extinct past species which are related to present day species
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(HOW) Embryology

  • Similar patterns in embryonic development provide evidence that organisms have descended from a common ancestor
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(HOW) Biogeography

  • grouping of uniquely similar organisms are found in a pattern that prove that they evolved from a common ancestor
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(HOW) Anatomy

  • provides evidence by homologous structures
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What are fossils?

  • the preserved remains of plants and animals whose bodies were buried in sediments
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What is biogeography?

  • the study of geographical distribution of organisms
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What is comparative anatomy?

  • study of the body structures of different species in order to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone
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Homologous structure

  • similar structures but diff function

(body parts of diff species) Ex: Cat and Human Arm

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Analogous structure

  • structures that perform a similar function but aren’t similar in origin
  • Ex: bat wings and insect wings
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Vestigial Structures

  • Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
  • Ex: ostrich wings
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Which of these structures can serve as evidence for evolution and why?

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What are the other sources of evolution besides natural selection?

  • Mutations
  • Gene Flow
  • Genetic Drift
  • Sexual Selection
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What is allele frequency?

  • Ratio of one allele to the total number of the alleles for that gene in the gene pool
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How does genetic variation occur in a population?

  • Mutation:
  • M: can be passed on to offspring
  • M: increases genetic variation in a gene pool

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  • Gene flow
  • increases the genetic variation of receiving population

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What are the two processes that can allow genetic drift to occur?

  • Bottleneck effect: genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population

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  • Founder effect: genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area
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What is sexual selection?

  • occurs when certain traits increase mating success
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Intrasexual

  • involves competition among males
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Intersexual

  • Males display certain traits that attract the female
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5 factors that lead to Evolution

  • Natural Selection
  • Genetic Drift
  • Gene Flow
  • Mutation
  • Sexual Selection
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Who was Alfred Wallace?

  • Helped Darwin research and theorize on evolution
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What are the two methods of dating fossils?

  • Relative Dating
  • Radiometric Dating
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What is speciation?

  • the rise of two or more species from one existing species
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What is reproductive isolation and the three causes of it? (give an example)

  • occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate successfully, the final step in becoming two separate species

  • Behavioral

  • Geographic

  • Temporal

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Behavioral Isolation

  • caused by diffs in courtship or mating behaviors
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Geographic Isolation

  • physical barriers that divide a population into 2 or more groups
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Temporal Isolation

  • when timing prevents reproduction between populations
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What are mass extinctions vs background extinctions?

  • occurs suddenly, usually because of a catastrophic event

vs

  • extinction that occurs continuously but at a very low rate
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What is taxonomy?

  • a system of naming and classifying organisms based on shared characteristics and universal rules
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What is the order of classification? (Kingdom → Phylum → Class, etc.)

  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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What methods do scientists use to classify species?

  • fossil
  • dna sequence
  • physical features