Infection & Infectious Disease

What is the ability to prevent or limit growth & development of pathogen?

Host Resistance

host resistance works thru

genetics, immune system response

What agent of infection are Prokaryotes?

Contain RNA/DNA


Produce Biofilms


Cytoplasmic membrane & cell wall


Use hosts for food & shelter, Live in colonies

bacteria

bacteria are Classified by genus & species
& described by:

morphological appearance, oxygen dependence, staining

What infectious agent has a Protein coat surrounding nucleic acid core?

● Some have envelopes


● DNA/RNA

Virus

viruses cannot reproduce without a host, how are new viruses created?

host cell’s normal metabolic activity

what infectious agent is smaller than bacteria?

● No defined cell walls, need a host

● RICKETTSIACEAE & CHLAMYDIACEAE


Mycoplasmas

what type of infectious agent has cell walls, but different from bacteria?

● Most require much cooler temp than ‘normal’ core body temp

○ Few are capable of causing disease


● Most infections are on body surfaces

fungi

what are the 2 categories of fungi?

yeast and mold

what infectious agent is categorized as protozoa, helminths, and arthropods?

parasites

what type of parasite is unicellular, complete cellular components & nucleus?

Protozoa

what type of parasite is worm like parasites, depend on & reproduce in host?

Helminths

what type of parasite include vectors of infectious disease (ticks, mosquitos, flies & ectoparasites, infects by direct contact or eggs on host (maggots, mites, lice, fleas)?

Arthropods

what mechanism of transmission involves Penetration, Direct Contact, Ingestion, Inhalation?

Portals of Entry

what mechanism of transmission involves Toxins, Adhesion Factors, Evasion/Invasion Factors?

Virulence Factors

What potentially serious infectious disease is World’s foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent?

Causes 26% of avoidable deaths in developing countries

Tuberculosis

What are changes in amino acids with influenza that cause changes year to year?

Antigenic Drift

What are changes in amino acids with influenza that cause different variations?

Antigenic Shift

What can stay alive in “suspended animation” for years in caseous granuloma in lung?

○ Aerobic

○ Has protective waxy capsule – protects it from destruction

Tuberculi bacteria

what is treatment of active TB?

6 months of 3-5 different medications

what is treatment of latent TB?

3-4 month course of antibiotics (up to 9 months)

what infectious agent is a Bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?

lyme disease

What are the manifestations of lyme disease?

Characteristic bull's-eye rash, fever, headache, fatigue, joint pain

what are the stages of lyme disease?

early, Disseminated (neurological/cardiac conditions), Chronic (arthritis, cognitive impairments)

what are the treatments of lyme disease?

Antibiotics (IV meds for later stages); tx for manifestations (PTLDS). Prevention involves avoiding tick bites

What is the Virus that infects CD4 helper cells, "hijacking" DNA replication & killing the cell. CD4 cells are the "conductors" of immune system?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

What are the stages of untreated HIV?

Acute Infection (flu-like symptoms), Chronic Infection (Latency—virus is dormant, CD4 count declines), AIDS (CD4 count falls below 200 cells/microliter, immune system severely weakened)

What are Only seen in individuals w/ suppressed immune systems (reason for death in AIDS patients). Examples include Candida, PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia), & CNS infections?

Opportunistic Infections (OIs)

what are CNS complications of HIV?

it can cross the Blood-Brain Barrier. peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairments, seizures, dementia, paraplegia, & hemiplegia.