Nursing Practice II: Maternal and Pediatric Review Note Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering maternal health, labor and birth, postpartum care, neonatal complications, and pediatric developmental stages and physiological disorders based on the provided nursing review text.

Presumptive Signs

Subjective signs of pregnancy experienced by the woman that are not diagnostic, such as amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue.

Probable Signs

Objective signs observed by an examiner that suggest pregnancy but are not definitive, including a positive hCG test, Chadwick’s sign, and Hegar’s sign.

Positive Signs

Definitive evidence that confirms pregnancy with certainty, such as fetal heart sounds via Doppler or ultrasound visualization of the fetus.

Term Pregnancy

A pregnancy that has reached between $37-42$ weeks of gestation.

Preterm

A pregnancy or delivery occurring at less than $37$ weeks of gestation.

Post-term

A pregnancy or delivery occurring beyond $42$ weeks of gestation.

Organogenesis

The most critical period of fetal development occurring during the 1st trimester ($1-12$ weeks) where organs form and there is a high risk of congenital anomalies.

Quickening

The first fetal movement felt by the mother, typically occurring during the 2nd trimester ($13-27$ weeks).

Ambivalence

Mixed feelings of happiness and anxiety about pregnancy, common during the 1st trimester.

Nesting Behavior

Energy-focused behavior in the 3rd trimester where the mother prepares the home and supplies for the baby’s arrival.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ($hCG$)

The hormone responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum to support early pregnancy.

Progesterone

The hormone that maintains uterine relaxation and decreases gastrointestinal motility during pregnancy.

Physiologic Anemia of Pregnancy

A normal dilutional anemia caused by plasma volume increasing more than the red blood cell count.

Supine Hypotension Syndrome

Compression of the vena cava when lying flat, which reduces blood pressure; corrected by the left lateral position.

Lineas Nigra

A dark pigmented line running vertically on the abdomen during pregnancy.

Chloasma

Facial pigmentation often referred to as the 'mask of pregnancy'.

$$GTPAL$$

An obstetric history format standing for Gravida, Term births, Preterm births, Abortions, and Living children.

Gravida

The total number of pregnancies a woman has had, regardless of the outcome.

Parity

The number of pregnancies in which the fetus reached the age of viability ($\geq 20$ weeks).

Non-Stress Test ($NST$)

A fetal assessment test measuring heart rate response to movement; a 'reactive' result indicates good fetal health.

Oxytocin Theory

The theory that labor starts due to increased oxytocin release, which triggers strong uterine contractions.

True Labor

Labor characterized by regular, rhythmic contractions that increase in intensity and result in progressive cervical dilation and effacement.

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

False labor contractions that are irregular, do not progress, and are often relieved by rest or hydration.

First Stage of Labor

The dilatation stage starting from the onset of true labor until full cervical dilation ($10\,cm$).

Second Stage of Labor

The expulsive stage beginning from full cervical dilation until the delivery of the baby.

Third Stage of Labor

The placental stage starting from the delivery of the baby until the delivery of the placenta.

Culkin’s Sign

A sign of placental separation where the uterus becomes firm and globular.

The 5 P’s of Labor

The critical components of the labor process: Power, Passenger, Passageway, Psyche, and Position.

Partograph

A graphical tool used to monitor labor progress and identify early signs of prolonged or obstructed labor.

Leopold’s Maneuver

A systematic abdominal palpation technique used to determine fetal lie, presentation, position, and engagement.

The 7 Cardinal Movements

The positional changes a fetus makes during delivery: Engagement, Descent, Flexion, Internal Rotation, Extension, Restitution, and Expulsion.

Psychoprophylaxis (Lamaze)

A method of childbirth preparation focusing on psychological conditioning and structured breathing to break the fear-tension-pain cycle.

Unang Yakap (First Embrace)

A Philippine DOH initiative for Essential Newborn Care promoting skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding.

$$BUBBLE-HE$$

A postpartum assessment mnemonic: Breasts, Uterus, Bladder, Bowel, Lochia, Episiotomy, Homan’s sign, and Emotional status.

Lochia Rubra

Red, bloody vaginal discharge occurring for the first 1 to 3 days after birth.

Taking-in Phase

The initial postpartum phase ($1-2$ days) where the mother is passive, dependent, and focuses on her own needs.

Taking-hold Phase

The postpartum phase ($2-10$ days) where the mother begins to focus on baby care and actively tries to learn the motherhood role.

Postpartum Blues

A mild, temporary mood disturbance occurring $3-10$ days postpartum which usually resolves within 2 weeks.

Postpartum Psychosis

A severe psychiatric emergency characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and a risk of harming self or the infant.

Preeclampsia

Pregnancy-induced hypertension ($\geq 140/90\,mmHg$) after 20 weeks with organ involvement like proteinuria.

Eclampsia

A severe complication of preeclampsia characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions.

Magnesium Sulfate

The drug of choice for seizure prevention in preeclampsia; requires monitoring of deep tendon reflexes and respiratory rate.

Calcium Gluconate

The specific antidote for magnesium sulfate toxicity.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ($GDM$)

Glucose intolerance first diagnosed in pregnancy, often caused by insulin resistance from placental hormones.

Macrosomia

A common fetal complication of gestational diabetes where the baby is oversized ($>4\,kg$).

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy leading to weight loss, dehydration, and ketonuria.

Placenta Previa

Abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus, classically causing painless, bright red vaginal bleeding.

Abruptio Placentae

The premature separation of a normally implanted placenta, characterized by painful vaginal bleeding and a rigid, tender uterus.

Incomplete Abortion

The partial expulsion of the products of conception, typically resulting in continued bleeding and a dilated cervix.

Missed Abortion

Fetal death inside the uterus without expulsion of the products of conception.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

The most common anemia in pregnancy, characterized by hemoglobin levels $<11\,g/dL$ and low serum ferritin.

Folic Acid Deficiency

A nutritional deficiency associated with megaloblastic anemia and fetal neural tube defects like spina bifida.

BEmONC

Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care, which includes parenteral antibiotics and anticonvulsants but excludes surgery and blood transfusions.

CEmONC

Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care, which includes all BEmONC functions plus cesarean sections and blood transfusions.

Tocolytics

A class of medications, such as Nifedipine or Terbutaline, used to temporarily stop or delay uterine contractions in preterm labor.

Precipitate Labor

Labor and delivery that occurs very rapidly, specifically in less than 3 hours from the onset of contractions.

Dystocia

Abnormal or difficult labor that is slow, prolonged, or obstructed.

Amniotic Fluid Embolism ($AFE$)

A rare, catastrophic obstetric emergency where amniotic fluid enters maternal circulation, causing sudden cardiopulmonary collapse and $DIC$.

Puerperal Sepsis

A postpartum infection of the genital tract, often signaled by a fever $\geq 38^{\circ}C$ and foul-smelling lochia.

Mastitis

An infection of breast tissue, usually caused by milk stasis and Staphylococcus aureus, where the mother is encouraged to continue breastfeeding.

Deep Vein Thrombosis ($DVT$)

The presence of a blood clot in a deep vein, commonly assessed by a positive Homan’s sign; massage is strictly contraindicated.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder usually caused by $E.\,coli$, presenting with dysuria, frequency, and urgency.

Uterine Prolapse

The downward displacement of the uterus into the vaginal canal due to weak pelvic floor muscles; managed by Kegel exercises or a pessary.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Implantation of a fertilized ovum outside the uterus, most commonly in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

Hydatidiform Mole ($H-mole$)

A molar pregnancy characterized by abnormal trophoblastic growth with a 'snowstorm' ultrasound appearance and extremely high $hCG$ levels.

Cervical Insufficiency

Painless cervical dilation and effacement in the 2nd trimester, often treated with a surgical cerclage.

$Rh$ Incompatibility

A condition where an $Rh$-negative mother develops antibodies against an $Rh$-positive fetus; prevented by administering $RhoGAM$.

$Rho(D)$ Immune Globulin ($RhoGAM$)

A medication given to $Rh$-negative mothers at 28 weeks and within 72 hours of birth to prevent sensitization.

$LH$ Surge

The hormonal trigger that causes the ovulation phase around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

A chromosomal abnormality caused by an extra chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disability and distinct physical features like a single palmar crease.

Cystic Fibrosis ($CF$)

A genetic disorder causing thick, sticky secretions in the lungs and pancreas, often diagnosed by a 'salty-tasting' skin (sweat chloride test).

In Vitro Fertilization ($IVF$)

The combined manipulation of egg and sperm outside the body in a laboratory setting before transferring the embryo to the uterus.

$Piaget’s$ Sensorimotor Stage

A cognitive development stage (birth to 2 years) where children learn through senses and develop object permanence.

Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust

The first psychosocial stage (birth to 1 year) where an infant learns basic trust based on the consistency of the caregiver.

Stranger Anxiety

A normal developmental occurrence beginning around 6 months where the infant becomes distressed by unfamiliar faces.

Parallel Play

A type of play common in toddlers where they play beside each other but do not interact directly.

Assigned Play: Associative Play

A play style for preschoolers (3–6 years) where they share toys and interact without organized rules or goals.

Solitary Play

The characteristic play type for infants where they play alone with toys like rattles or mobiles.

Phytonadione (Vitamin K)

An intramuscular injection given to newborns shortly after birth to prevent Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding.

Erythromycin Eye Ointment

A prophylactic agent applied to newborn eyes to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum from gonorrhea or chlamydia exposure.

Surfactant Therapy

Treatment given to premature infants to treat Respiratory Distress Syndrome ($RDS$) by improving lung function.

Hyperbilirubinemia

An increased level of bilirubin in the blood causing neonatal jaundice; treated with phototherapy.

Kernicterus

A severe, irreversible complication of untreated hyperbilirubinemia where bilirubin deposits in brain tissue.

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome ($MAS$)

A respiratory distress condition occurring when a newborn inhales meconium-stained fluid into the lungs.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ($FAS$)

A set of abnormalities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, including a smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, and intellectual disabilities.

Autism Spectrum Disorder ($ASD$)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and repetitive behaviors.

Ventricular Septal Defect ($VSD$)

The most common congenital heart defect, consisting of an opening between the ventricles causing a left-to-right shunt.

Tetralogy of Fallot ($TOF$)

A cyanotic heart defect characterized by VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy; presents with 'boot-shaped heart' on X-ray.

Ponseti Method

The first-line treatment for clubfoot involving gentle manipulation and serial casting.

Hirschsprung’s Disease

A condition where the absence of ganglion cells in the colon prevents peristalsis, often leading to ribbon-like, foul-smelling stools.

Ventriculoperitoneal ($VP$) Shunt

A surgical device used to treat hydrocephalus by diverting excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the peritoneal cavity.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ($ALL$)

The most common childhood cancer, involving an overproduction of immature lymphoblasts that crowd out healthy blood cells.

Wilms’ Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

A malignant kidney tumor in children presenting as a painless abdominal mass; abdominal palpation is strictly avoided to prevent rupture.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells resulting in no insulin production and symptoms like polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

Rheumatic Fever

An autoimmune inflammatory response following an untreated Group A Streptococcus throat infection that can damage heart valves.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever ($DHF$)

A viral infection characterized by high fever, thrombocytopenia, and plasma leakage; aspirin must be avoided.

Impetigo

A highly contagious superficial bacterial skin infection presenting with classic honey-colored crusted lesions.

Pediculosis Capitis

An infestation of head lice where nits are found firmly attached to hair shafts, causing intense scalp itching.