Abnormal Psychology- Exam 1 (Ch. 1,2,3)

Alfred works at a car manufacturing company. The spray paint used on the assembly line is toxic in nature and as a result of being exposed to these toxic substances, Alfred has been experiencing intense depressive episodes due to changes in his brain functioning. From the available information, it would be most accurate to conclude that __________ causes are responsible for Alfred's depression.

biological

When using the experimental design, the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled (i.e. manipulated) by the experimenter is known as the ________ variable.

independent

This variable is hypothesized to "depend" on the independent variable.

dependent variable

While determining the cause of an abnormal behavior, which of the following can be categorized as a psychological contribution?

disturbances in thoughts and feelings

__________ explanations regard abnormal behavior as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits.

Spiritual

Participants' expectations of what is going to happen to them in an experiment are referred to as

demand characteristics

The _________ of Covid-19 represents the number of new cases of Covid-19 within a given time period.

incidence rate

The "gold standard" for research in evaluating treatments in clinical psychology is the __________

randomized controlled trial

Who developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s

Sigmund Freud

The ____________ of Covid-19 represents the number of people who have ever had the disease over a given time period.

prevalence rate

__________ explanations view psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions.

humanitarian

A ________ is a procedure in which a clinician provides a formal evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychological functioning.

psychological assessment

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of functioning assessed by a mental status examination?

socioeconomic status

Johnathan conducts a psychological assessment on Amy. In his report he makes generic and vague statements about her that do not specifically characterize her. The statements describe Amy as a strong person but also suggest that she could display fragility under difficult circumstances. This can be true for most people. Which of the following is Johnathan's interpretation characteristic of?

barnum effect

__________ is an index of intelligence derived from comparing the individual's score on an intelligence test with the mean score for that individual's reference group.

Deviation intelligence score

Scott has just taken a self-report inventory that will indicate his scores on the five personality dimensions, or sets of traits. The scales are designed so the test-taker can complete them as well as individuals who know the test-taker, such as spouses, partners, or relatives. Scott has just taken the

NEO-PI-R

You accidentally walk into a room where a psychologist is conducting a Rorschach Test with a client. You are most likely to overhear the client say

"it looks like two bears dancing"

Why are clients less guarded about their responses on projective tests?

client's don't know how the assessor will interpret their answers

Which if the following is the most famous projective technique?

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A person taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is asked to

tell a story about the scene shown on the card

An assessment method that provides a picture of the brain's structures or level of activity and therefore is a useful tool for "looking" at the brain is known as

neuroimaging

Stigma

a negative label that causes certain people to be regarded as different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society

Clinical Significance

the criterion for a psychological disorder in which the behavior being evaluated involves a measurable degree of impairment that the clinician can observe

Biopsychosocial Perspective

a model in which the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors is seen as influencing the development of the individual over time

Sociocultural Perspective

the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the ways that individuals are influenced by people, social institutions, and social forces in the world around them

Spiritual Explanations

explanations that regard psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits

Humanitarian Explanations

explanations that regard psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions

Scientific Explanations

explanations that regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors

Trephining

the process of cutting a hole in the skull to allow so-called "evil spirits" to escape

Exorcism

a ritual believed to cure psychological disturbance by ritually driving away evil spirits

Moral Treatment

the belief that people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment

Mental Hygiene

the focus within psychiatry on helping individuals maintain mental health and prevent the development of psychological disorders

Halfway House

a community treatment facility designed for deinstitutionalized clients leaving a hospital who are not yet ready for independent living

Deinstitutionalization Movement

the release of hundreds of thousands of patients from mental hospitals starting in the 1960s

Positive Psychology

perspective that emphasizes the potential for growth and change throughout life

Scientific Method

the process of testing ideas about the nature of psychological phenomena without bias before accepting these ideas as adequate explanations

Independent Variable

the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter

Dependent Variable

the variable whose value is the outcome of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

experimental method in which participants are randomly assigned to intervention groups

Evidence-Based Treatment

treatment in which clients receive interventions based on the findings of controlled clinical studies

Placebo Condition

condition in an experiment in which participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest

Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial

experimental method in which participants are randomly assigned to a placebo versus treatment group

Double-Blind

an experimental procedure in which neither the person giving the treatment nor the person receiving the treatment knows whether the participant is in the experimental or control group

Correlational Design

study in which researchers test the relationships between variables that they cannot experimentally manipulate

Survey

a research tool used to gather information from a sample of people considered representative of a particular population, in which participants are asked to answer questions about the topic of concern

Incidence

the frequency of new cases within a given time period

Prevalence

the number of people who have ever had a disorder at a given time or over a specified period

Case Study

an intensive study of a single person described in detail

Qualitative Research

a method of analyzing data in which researchers use rigorous methods to code the data and summarize information in a way that reflects an objectively applied set of standards

Single Case Experimental Design (SCED)

design in which the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and control conditions

Behavioral Genetics

research area focused on identifying the role of hereditary factors in psychological disorders

Concordance Rate

agreement ratios between people diagnosed as having a particular disorder and their relatives

Cross-Fostering

a type of adoption study in which researchers examine the frequency of the disorder in children whose biological parents had no disorder, but whose adoptive parents do

Gene Mapping

the approach used by biological researchers in which they examine variations in chromosomes and connect them to performance on psychological tests or diagnosis of specific disorders

Molecular Genetics

the study of how genes translate hereditary information

Client

a person seeking psychological treatment

Patient

in the medical model, a person who receives treatment

Clinician

the person providing treatment

Psychologist

licensed health care professional offering psychological services

Psychiatrist

person with a degree in medicine (MD) who receives specialized advanced training in diagnosing and treating people with psychological disorders

Clinical Psychologist

a mental health professional with training in the behavioral sciences who provides direct service to clients

Reliability

when used with regard to diagnosis, the degree to which clinicians provide diagnoses consistently across individuals who have a particular set of symptoms

Validity

the extent to which a test, diagnosis, or rating accurately and distinctly characterizes a person's psychological status

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

a book published by the American Psychiatric Association that contains standard terms and definitions of psychological disorders

Axis

a class of information in previous DSMs regarding one dimension of an individual's functioning

Multiaxial System

a multidimensional classification and diagnostic system in previous DSMs summarizing relevant information about an individual's physical and psychological functioning

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

the diagnostic system of the World Health Organization (WHO)

Z Codes

codes in the ICD that indicate the presence of psychosocial and environmental problems

Culture-Bound Syndromes

recurrent patterns of abnormal behavior or experience that are limited to specific societies or cultural areas

Cultural Concepts of Distress

ways that individuals in specific cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate their suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions

Principal Diagnosis

the disorder most closely aligned with the primary reason the individual is seeking professional help

Comorbidity

two (or more) disorders that co-occur within the same individual

Differential Diagnosis

the process of systematically ruling out alternative diagnoses

Case Formulation

a clinician's analysis of the client's development and the factors that might have influenced his or her current psychological status

Cultural Formulation

a tool that includes the clinician's assessment of the client's degree of identification with the culture of origin, the culture's beliefs about psychological disorders, the ways in which the culture interprets particular events, and the cultural supports available to the client

Treatment Plan

the outline for how therapy should take place

Community Mental Health Center (CMHC)

outpatient clinic that provides psychological services on a sliding fee scale for individuals who live within a certain geographic area

Day Treatment Program

a structured program in a community treatment facility that provides activities similar to those provided in a psychiatric hospital

Modality

form in which the clinician offers psychotherapy

Individual Psychotherapy

Psychological treatment in which the therapist works on a one-to-one basis with the client

Family Therapy

psychological treatment in which the therapist works with several or all members of the family

Group Therapy

psychological treatment in which the therapist facilitates discussion among several clients who talk together about their problems

Milieu Therapy

a treatment approach, used in an inpatient psychiatric facility, in which all facets of the milieu, or environment, are components of the treatment

Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research evidence and clinical expertise in the context of the cultural background, preferences, and characteristics of clients

Remission

situation in which the individual's symptoms no longer interfere with his or her behavior and are below those required for a DSM diagnosis

Psychological Assessment

a broad range of measurement techniques, all of which involve having people provide scorable information about their psychological functioning

Standardization

a psychometric criterion that clearly specifies a test's instructions for administration and scoring

Barnum Effect

the tendency for clinicians unintentionally to make generic and vague statements about their clients that do not specifically characterize the client

Evidence-Based Assessment

Assessment characterized by the clinician's (1) relying on research findings and scientifically viable theories, (2) using psychometrically strong measures, and (3) empirically evaluating the assessment process

Clinical Interview

a series of questions that clinicians administer in face-to-face interaction with the client

Unstructured Interview

a series of open-ended questions aimed at determining the client's reasons for being in treatment, symptoms, health status, family background, and life history

Structured Interview

a standardized series of assessment questions, with a predetermined wording and order

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM 5 Disorders (SCID-5)

a structured clinical interview developed to assess DSM-5 symptoms

Mental Status Exam

a method of objectively assessing a client's behavior and functioning in a number of spheres, with particular attention to the symptoms associated with psychological disturbance

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

a structured tool that clinicians use as a brief screening device to assess neurocognitive disorders

Deviation Intelligence (IQ)

an index of intelligence derived from comparing the individual's score on an intelligence test with the mean score for that individual's reference group

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the first comprehensive individual test that researchers specifically designed to measure adult intelligence

Self-Report Clinical Inventory

a psychological test with standardized questions having fixed response categories that the test-taker completes independently, self-reporting the extent to which the responses are accurate characterizations

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

self-report personality inventory containing 567 true-false items all in the form of statements that describe the individual's thoughts, behaviors, feelings, and attitudes

Projective Test

a technique in which the test-taker is presented with an ambiguous item or task and is asked to respond by providing his or her own meaning or perception