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Homeostasis
Body's ability to maintain internal stability and balance in response to external changes.
Drive
Internal psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need or achieve a goal.
Drive Reduction Theory
inbalance in drive
Incentive Theory
Suggests motivation is driven by external stimuli or rewards associated with behaviors.
Evolutionary Theories
Propose behaviors and processes have evolved over time for survival and reproduction advantages.
Biological vs. Social Motives
Innate physiological vs. learned or acquired needs driving behavior.
Hypothalamus
Brain region crucial in regulating hunger and satiety.
Glucostatic Theory
Proposes blood glucose levels as a primary regulator of hunger and eating behavior.
Insulin
Pancreatic hormone facilitating glucose uptake for energy or storage.
Leptin
Hormone from fat cells suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure.
Obesity
Medical condition with excessive body fat accumulation and associated health risks.
BMI
A measure of body weight relative to height.
Set Point
Genetically predetermined weight range the body strives to maintain.
Sexual Response Cycle
Four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Sex vs. Gender
Biological vs. societal roles, behaviors, and attributes.
Gender Differences in Sexual Activity
Variances in sexual activity frequency, attitudes, motivations, and behavior patterns.
Gender Differences in Mate Preference
Varied mate preferences influenced by evolutionary, social, and cultural factors.
Sexual Orientation
Enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and sexual attractions to same, opposite, or both genders.
Achievement Motive
Psychological drive to excel, succeed, or accomplish challenging goals.
Projective Test
Psychological assessment tool revealing unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test where individuals create stories based on ambiguous pictures to provide insights into their unconscious thoughts and emotions.
Physiological Response
Changes in the body's physiological state, such as increased heart rate, sweating, or hormone levels, associated with emotion.
Subjective Experience
The individual's conscious experience of emotion, including feelings of joy, fear, anger, or sadness.
Expressive Behavior
Emotions expressed through facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and nonverbal cues.
Affective Forecasting
The process of predicting one's future emotional states or reactions to specific events, influencing decision-making and well-being.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Measures changes in skin conductivity in response to emotional arousal or stress, indicating physiological arousal and emotional intensity.
Polygraph
A device measuring physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, GSR) to detect lies based on distinct physiological changes.
Brain Areas Influencing Emotions
Regions like amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula that play a crucial role in processing and regulating emotions.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences by modulating the intensity of emotional responses.
Six Fundamental Emotions
Universal emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise) characterized by distinct facial expressions and physiological responses.
Display Rules
Social and cultural norms dictating how, when, and where emotions should be expressed or suppressed in different social contexts.
James-Lange Theory
Theory proposing that emotions arise from physiological responses, with interpretation of arousal leading to specific emotions.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Theory suggesting that emotional experiences occur simultaneously with physiological arousal, triggered independently by a stimulus.
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
Theory stating that emotions result from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal within a specific context.
Evolutionary Theory of Emotions
Suggests that emotions have evolved as adaptive responses to environmental challenges and threats, serving important functions for survival and reproductive success.
Walter Cannon
An influential physiologist known for his contributions to stress, homeostasis, and the fight-or-flight response, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
Masters & Johnson's Human Sexual Response
A four-stage model describing physiological and psychological processes during sexual arousal and activity: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Robert Trivers's Parental Investment Theory
Theory suggesting that differences in parental investment between males and females have shaped mating strategies and sexual behavior.
Alfred Kinsey's 7-Point Scale
A scale measuring sexual orientation, ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual, used to assess individuals' sexual orientation.
David McClelland
A psychologist known for his research on motivation and personality, and the concept of 'need for achievement' as a fundamental human motive.
John Atkinson's Three Determinants of Achievement Behavior
Factors influencing achievement behavior: achievement motivation, probability of success, and incentive value.
Overjustification Effect
Occurs when external rewards decrease intrinsic motivation to engage in a particular activity, making it less enjoyable or interesting.
Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)
Proposes that performance on a task is influenced by the level of arousal, following an inverted-U-shaped curve.
Environmental factors influencing hunger
Package size, plate shape, lighting, socializing, and variety
Excitement Phase and vasocongestion
genitals become engorged in the blood (men and women) and women will lubricate
Plateau Phase
excitement peaks, breathing, pulse increases, the tip of penis may exhibit seminal fluid, clitoris retracts
Orgasm
muscle contractions all over the body
women's contractions actually help propel sperm and position uterus to increase the chances of conception
Men and women only aware of rhythmic genital contractions
Women may be multiorgasmic.
Resolution Phase
everything slows down and men enter a refractory period
which can last from minutes to over a day
where he is incapable of another orgasm.
3 parts of emotion
subjective experiences, physiological responses and behavioral responses.
Master & Johnson's Human Sexual Response
The sexual response cycle,
david buss
men place very high importance on youth
Personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
McCrae & Costa's Five-Factor Model
a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.
Pleasure Principle
the psychoanalytic idea that people's psychological processes and actions are motivated by the id,
Reality Principle
the segment of personality based on logical decisions to preserve the safety of an individual
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
The conscious mind involves thoughts that someone is aware of at any given moment. The preconscious mind involves things that can be brought into consciousness at any time. The unconscious mind includes the thoughts and feelings that exist outside of one's conscious awareness.
Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology
explore the human psyche and explain human behavior
Collective Unconscious
the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
Personal Unconscious
consists of painful memories and thoughts a person doesn't want to confront
Archetypes
symbol, dream or image that all humans share, which express underlying fears or ideas we all experience.
Defense Mechanisms: Repression, Projection, Displacement, Sublimation,
repression: not remembering
projection:when someone attributes his or her own feelings to another person or group.
displacement: showing feeling to someone else
sublimation:Rechanneling emotions into a socially acceptable activity
Reaction Formation, Regression, Rationalization, Identification
Reaction Formation- when someone expresses an exaggerated, opposite version of how they actually feel
Regression- when faced with anxiety, a person retreats to an infantile stage
Rationalization- excuses for behavior that make it okay
Identification- identifying with a group of people to boost self esteem
Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
During the oral stage, the child derives pleasure from sucking and biting. During the anal stage, the child derives pleasure from excreting waste. During the phallic stage, the child derives pleasure from the genitalia. During latency, sexual pleasure is repressed.
Fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
Libido
a term used in psychoanalytic theory to describe the energy created by survival and sexual instincts
Oedipus & Electra Complex
where young boys feel attracted to their mother and feel jealousy toward their father
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
theory of personality that focused on the uniqueness of each person and denied the universality of biological motives and goals ascribed to us by Freud
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Theory
relies heavily on how the past has affected an individual's psychological states
Sigmund Freud
human personality, including its emotions and desires, arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint
Id, Ego, Superego
The id is the storage of unconscious thoughts
ego- the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
superego- represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
Striving for superiority
the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
Compensation
psychological defense mechanism when a person tries to "make up for" a perceived area of weakness in their life.
Birth Order
the ordinal position of a child in the family
Behaviorism perspective
explains behavior through conditioning
BF Skinner's views on personality (determinism & response tendencies)
people have consistent behavior patterns because they have particular kinds of response tendencies
Albert Bandura- reciprocal determinism
person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
Self-efficacy
a concept that entails an individual's belief in accomplishing their goals and believing in their ability to successfully complete a task.
Walter Mischel & person-situation controversy
The debate among psychologists about whether it is personality traits or the situation at hand that influences personality more
Humanism perspective
a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization
Carl Roger's person centered theory
emphasizes empathy and unconditional positive regard when working with clients
self-concept
the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves
Abraham Maslow's theory of self actualization
where every person wants to end up
incongruence
when the real self does not align well with the ideal self
Stress
A state of psychological tension
Primary appraisal
An initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you
Secondary appraisal
An evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress
Frustration
feeling or state of being of irritation or anger due to something blocking the achieving of a goal.
