midievql times

Clotilde

Wife of clovus, ‘princess’, a Christian, becomes saint, helped build churches and monastaries, gets clovus to convert to Christianity, saw benefit of unification power

Scholastica

Sister if st Benedict (one who created benediction mugs) built churches and spread word of God

major doom

Mayor of the palace; vice president ; real decision maker

Leif Erikson

Norse Viking from Norway who was believed to be 1st European to step foot on North America. 1000 Ad

Caltrops

Defensive weapon that are used in hand to hand combat with the knights. Looks like a 4 pointed knife, thrown of the battle field. Horse steps on it, goes tumbling

Putlog holes

Holes inside of walls to use a ladder.stick wood into holes to climb, once done with construction: holes filled

Plumb bob

String with very heavy weight, drop string, gravity keeps string at bottom, string is straight so wall is straight. Building tool to make sure everything you are building is straight

Battle of legnano

AD 1176, Holy Roman Empire and Frederick Barbarossa, the king, defeated because of this Italian states will be able to self govern . Pull away from Holy Roman Empire

Motte and Bailey

Smallest of castles, has mote, a fort at the top of a hill, a gateway, and a Bailey

Stone keep

2nd best castle, has a drawbridge with a moat, a keep, great hall, and a Bailey

Concentric

Best castle, has a gatehouse, 2 walls, towers, an outer Bailey and an inner Bailey, is most protective and expensive

Repeated Barbarian invasions disrupt Western Europe:

Disruption of trade , downfall of cities, population shifts

the beginning of franks

Al over the place, not unified

Clovis

Converted the franks to Christianity, allowed to him united franks to one kingdom, first makes his people convert, then makes other tribes invert, leads to the, all following clovus

Germanic people adopt Christianity

Built monastaries, monks give up possessions to live in monastaries, convert the tribes

Benedict

Writes a write that will be guide for religious communities in west

Pope Gregory I

Broadens the authority of pope into secular power (state)

church money:

Used to raise armies, repair roads, help the poor, and negotiated treaties

local govt

By 700 mayor of the palace in charge. King didn’t care about day to day activities, just taxes

719

Charles Martel, the hammer extends the franks kingdom.

Battle of tours

Charles Martel defeats the Muslims with insuffiencent amt of armies. Makes him Christian hero, savior of Christendom

Savior of Christendom

Charles Martel stops the Muslims, which continues Christianity

Pepin the short

Allied with pope → calls on Pelion to get rid of Lombards and Pepin appointed “king by the grace of god” leaves kingdom to sons

Carloman

Eldest son of Pepin the great , dies (771) → leaves empire to Charles/charlemagne

Charles the great /charlemagne

Built empire great as Ancient Rome → united Western Europe, reconquers territory, known for spreading Christianity

Pope Leo III

In 800 charlememagne crowned empower by pope leo 3. Pope claimed title of “holy Roman emporer”

What does “holy Roman emporer” lead to

Start of Holy Roman Empire , shows joining if forces between church and Charlemagne

Charlemagne death date

814

Charlemagne death

Leaves kingdom to Louis the pious

Louis the pious

Charlemagne sin, ineffective ruler, indecisive, weakening empire

Who does Louis the pious leave Holy Roman Empire to?

His sons, lothaie, Charles the bald, and Louis the German

Lothair, Charles the bald, and Louis the German

Divided empire into 3 instead of fighting

Treaty of verdun

Split of Holy Roman Empire into 3 by lothair, Charles the bald, and Louis the German

Invasions in Western Europe

Vikings from Scandinavia

Vikings

People were deathly afraid, feirce warriors, pillagers. After a while of pillaging people just let them in in fear of being killed. Never fought any battles, just stole without consequence. Their way of making a living

Other invasions in Western Europe

Magyars and Muslims. People in Western Europe lived in constant fear of them . Local rulers who fought invaders will get most support

Fuedalism structure

King→ nobles → knights → serfs

Land granted in feudalism

fiefdom/ fief

Feudalism

Governing system based on mutual obligations

Vassal

Person receiving the land in exchange for military protection

Serfs

People who could not leave the palace where they were born. Not paid

Manor

Lords estate

Lords provide serfs with:

Housing, strip of land and protection

Tithe

Peasants had to pay this to lords. 1/10 of income, church tax

Chivalry

Code that demanded that a knightfight bravely in defense of 3 masters and were brave, loyal, and courteous

3 masters in chivalry

1. Feudal lord, 2 heavenly lord, 3. Chosen lady

Tournaments

Young boys trained for knighthood: fight in mock battles (jousting)

Battles

Hand to hand combat, gruesome → swords, axes, shields

King Arthur

Follows story of knights of round table → teaching chivalry

Song of Roland

Follows French knight into battle

Troubadours

Poet-musicians at castles of Europe. Mostly songs about love

Pope gelasius l

Separation of church and state: pope bows to king in political matters, king bows to pope in religious matters

Church stable force

In separation of church and state, the church is most stable force in peoples lives. Becomes religious and social center. Church will always be there for ppl, Kings didn't care very much. People flock to church → listen to pope more than king

Canon law

Law of church

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Interdict

Sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the kingdom

Excommunication +inderdict =

Gave popes leg up in , fear of hell, kings had to do whatever popes say

Otto l

Holy Roman Empire, copies Charlemagne, gained support of clergy to put down nobles, crowned empower by pope for defeating nobles, people began fearing growing German influence

Lay investiture

Kings and nobles appoint church officials

Pope Gregory VII

Banned lay investiture

Henry IV

German emperor who fired back at pope and was excommunicated

Henry IV after being excommunicated:

Goes to pope, stands outside in snow for 3 days to show forgiveness and to be reinstated to the church. Shows power of pipe over king

Concordat of worms in 1122

Lay investiture banned

Order of rulers

Pepin the short → almost carloman → Charlemagne → Louis the pious → lothair, Charles the bald, Louis the German