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Congress of Vienna
Major European powers met to restore the Balance of Power after the Napoleonic Wars. England, Prussia, Russia, France, and Austria participated.
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Conservative Austrian diplomat who hosted the Congress of Vienna. Advocated for the restoration of monarchies, suppression of revolutions, and maintenance of the Old Order.
Louis XVIII and the Bourbon Restoration
Bourbon monarch restored to the French throne in 1814 after the fall of Napoleon. His reign marked the return of conservative monarchy in France.
Quadruple Alliance
Alliance between Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to prevent future French aggression and maintain European stability.
Balance of Power
Concept in international relations aiming to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant in Europe. Key goal of the Congress of Vienna.
German Confederation
Loose association of 39 German states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, dominated by Austria, in an attempt to maintain stability in Central Europe.
Concert of Europe
Diplomatic agreement among European powers to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutions post-Napoleon.
Congress System
Regular meetings among major European powers to settle disputes and prevent revolutions, reinforcing conservative rule.
Holy Alliance
Alliance of Austria, Prussia, and Russia aimed at suppressing revolutionary movements and upholding Christian monarchies.
The Eastern Question
European political disputes over the decline of the Ottoman Empire and how its territories should be divided among European powers.
Ottoman Empire/'Sick man of Europe'
Term used in the 19th century to describe the weakening Ottoman Empire, which struggled to maintain control over its territories.
Crimean War (1853-56)
Conflict where Russia attempted to expand into Ottoman lands, opposed by Britain and France. Russia was defeated due to outdated military tactics and superior Western technology.
Conservatism
Political ideology resisting change, favoring tradition, monarchy, and aristocratic rule.
Nationalism
Political ideology promoting national unity, self-determination, and devotion to a common national identity.
Liberalism
Political ideology advocating for individual rights, democracy, limited government, and free markets.
Romanticism
Late 18th-century artistic movement emphasizing individualism, nature, emotional depth, and nationalism, opposing Enlightenment rationalism.
Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1819)
English Romantic novelist, author of Frankenstein, an early example of science fiction that explored themes of nature, creation, and responsibility.
Neo-Gothic/Gothic Revival Architecture
19th-century architectural style inspired by medieval Gothic design, emphasizing intricate details and historical revivalism.
Hegelian Dialectic
Philosophical concept by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel where a Thesis is challenged by an Antithesis, leading to a Synthesis, which becomes a new Thesis in a continuing cycle of progress.
Adam Smith
18th-century Scottish economist, father of capitalism, advocated for free markets and minimal government interference in economic matters.
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
Economic system where the government minimally intervenes in the economy, allowing free markets to regulate themselves.
Utilitarianism
Ethical philosophy that argues the best action is the one that maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people.
John Stuart Mill
British philosopher and political economist, advocate for liberalism, individual freedoms, and expanded suffrage.
The Luddites
19th-century English workers who protested industrialization by destroying machinery that threatened their livelihoods.
Utopian Socialism
Early socialist ideology envisioning ideal communities based on collective ownership and cooperation rather than competition.
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
British military violently suppressed a peaceful protest for parliamentary reform in Manchester, killing and injuring many.
Chartism and the People's Charter
19th-century British working-class movement advocating for universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and parliamentary reforms.
Catholic Association and Catholic Emancipation
British movement led by Daniel O'Connell advocating for Catholic rights, resulting in the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829), which allowed Catholics to hold public office.
Corn Laws and the Anti-Corn Law League
British tariffs on imported grain that kept food prices high; opposed by the middle-class Anti-Corn Law League, which successfully lobbied for their repeal.
Karl Marx
19th-century German philosopher, economist, and socialist. Criticized capitalism and argued that history is defined by class struggle.
Communist Manifesto (1848)
Political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlining the principles of communism and calling for the working class to overthrow capitalism.
Bourgeoisie
The middle-class owners of capital and industry, who controlled the means of production under capitalism.
Proletariat
The working class, who, according to Marxist theory, were exploited by the bourgeoisie and destined to rise up in revolution.
Suburbs
Residential areas on the outskirts of cities, which grew due to industrialization and urbanization.
Cult of domesticity
19th-century ideology that idealized women's role as homemakers, emphasizing purity, piety, and domestic duties.
King Cholera
Personification of cholera outbreaks in 19th-century industrial cities, highlighting poor sanitation and public health crises.
Factory Act of 1833
British law that limited child labor and set minimum age requirements for factory workers, though enforcement was weak.
New Poor Law of 1834 and Workhouses
British law that created harsh workhouses for the poor, discouraging reliance on government aid.
Revolutions of 1848
A series of liberal and nationalist uprisings across Europe, largely unsuccessful in achieving lasting political change.
Napoleon III
Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, became Emperor of France after the 1848 revolution, modernized France and engaged in imperial expansion.
Frankfurt Parliament
First attempt to unify Germany in 1848 through a democratic constitution, ultimately failed due to lack of support from Prussia and Austria.
