Organic Compounds (Anatomy)

Organic Compound

Large molecules that help carry out complex functions. 40% of body mass, held together by covalent bonds and contain hydrogen and carbon

Five Categories of Organic Compounds

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

• ATP

Macromolecules

Product of organic molecules combining to make a large molecule. (polymers)

Examples: Carbohydrate, lipid, Nucleic acid, protein

Monomer

Small molecule that joins to create polymers, present in dehydration synthesis

Polymer

Larg molecules formed by covalent bonding of many monymers

Carbon

Can form with thousands of other carbon atoms to produce large molecules with different shapes

Which molecule has 4 electrons in its valence shell?

Carbon

Carbon does not

dissolve easily in water, making it a valuable resource for building body structures

What can carbon bond to?

Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, other carbons. It forms rings, (carbon chains)

Carbon Skeleton

Chain of carbon atoms in organic molecule

Hydrocarbon

Carbons and hydrogens bonded together

Functional Group

Molecules bonded to hydrocarbon skeleton; each functional group is specific to the molecules.

Hydroxyl (-OH)

• Sugars, alcohols

• Polar

• Will dissolve (Hydrophilic)

Methyl (-CH3)

• Fats, oils, steroids, amino acids

• Nonpolar

• Less likely to dissolve (Hydrophobic)

Carboxyl (-COOH)

• Amino acids, sugars, proteins

• Polar

• Will dissolve

Amino (-NH2)

• Amino acids, proteins

• Polar

• Will dissolve

Phosphate (-PO42-)

• Nucleic acids, ATP

• Large negative disrupting

Carbohydrates

Formed by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Carbohydrates include:

Sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose

Three main forms of Carbohydrates

(Sugars and starches) Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

(Monomer) Simple sugar containing 3-9 carbon atoms. Serves as energy source, structural components of DNA and RNA. Breakdown of hexoses glucose to produce ATP

Disaccharides

2 Monosaccharides combined by dehydration synthesis, can be split into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

Polysaccharides

(Fibers and cellulose) Dehydration synthesis of 10 or 100’s of monosaccharides, stored as glycogen in animal cells.

Examples of Monosaccharides

• Glucose- Syrup/honey (also main blood sugar)

• Fructose- Fruit

• Galactose- Dairy products

• Deoxyribose- DNA

• Ribose- RNA

• Glucose, Galactose and fructose consist of C6H12O6

Examples of Disaccharides

• Sucrose

• Lactose

• Maltose

Examples of Polysaccharides

• Glycogen

• Starch

• Cellulose

Sucrose

Table sugar (Glucose + Fructose)

Lactose

Milk sugar (Glucose + Galactose)

Maltose

(Glucose + Glucose)

Where are polysaccharides stored?

• Glycogen (stored in animal cells)

• Starch (stored in plant cells)

• Cellulose (aids movement through intestines)

Which compounds consist of C6H12O6?

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Isomer

Molecule that has same molecular formula but different structures

Example: Glucose and Fructose is C6H12O6

Dehydration Synthesis

Reaction joining two monomers; hydrogen atom removed from one monomer, hydroxyl is removed from other, creating water molecule

Macromolecules formed by dehydration synthesis are

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Lipids

Formed by majority of carbon and hydrogen and minority of oxygen

6 Types of Lipids

• Triglycerides

• Phospholipids

• Steroids

• Lipoproteins

• Eicosanoids

• Some vitamins

Lipids are

Nonpolar so they tend to dissolve in water

Fatty Acid

Synthesis triglycerides and phospholipids; catabolize to generate ATP

Saturated Fats

Saturated with hydrogen, solid at room temp, single bonds (Lard)

Triglycerides

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids (bunch of carbon and hydrogen). Compact storage of energy, in adipocytes, not soluble in water

Fats

Solid at room temperature, lacks a double bond

Oils

Liquid at room temperature, can be mono or polyunsaturated

Monounsaturated Fats

Contain triglycerides that consist of monounsaturated fatty acids. Single double bond.

Example: Olive oil

Polyunsaturated Fats

Contain triglycerides that consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids, multiple double bonds

Example: Canola oil, omega 3 salmon

Phospholipids

Contains glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acid chains for first two carbons, have phosphate group

More about Phospholipids

• Compact way of storing energy

• In adipocytes

• not soluble in water

• Saturated or unsaturated

Components of Phospholipids

• Bilayer

• Polar head, Nonpolar tails

• Makes ring (cell membrane)

• Double layer of phospholipid with tails in center

Steroids

4 rings of carbon atoms, contains cholesterol, used to make other lipids (hydrophobic)

Example: sex and stress hormones, vitamin D, salts

Eicosanoids

20 carbon fatty acid, derived from fatty acid (arachidonic)

• signals molecules

• Causes inflammation

Prostaglandin (Subclass of Eicosanoid)

Wide variety of functions

• Hormones

• Inflammatory response

• Prevents stomach ulcer

• Prevents blood clots

• Reserves body temperature

Leukotrienes (Subclass of Eicosanoid)

• Triggers allergies

• Triggers Inflammatory responses

• Uses antihistamines to help relieve symptoms

Protein

Polymers that consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. It is responsible for structure of body tissue

Monomers of Proteins

20 different amino acids combine and link together. 3-D shape (conformation)

Structure of Amino Acids

• Central carbon atom

• Hydrogen atom

• Amino group NH2

• Carboxyl group COOH

• Side chain R group

Peptide bond

Covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids

Peptide bonds always form between:

Carbons of carboxyl group -COOH of one amino acid or the Nitrogen of the amino group -NH2 of another

When Peptide Bonds are formed,

A molecule of water is removed (dehydration synthesis)

• Breaking a peptide bond (digestive) is called hydrolysis

Dipeptides

2 amino acids combine by peptide bond dehydration synthesis

Polypeptides

Up to 50 thousand amino acids combine

Primary level of Conformation

Sequence of amino acids (joined together by peptide (covalent) bonds)

• Polypeptide chain

Secondary level of Conformation

(2D Shape) Twisting or folding neighboring amino acids in polypeptide chain

• Hydrogen bonding

• Alpha Helix

• Pleated Sheet

Tertiary level of Conformation

(3D Shape) Unique structure of how it will function

• Fold back and bind to each other

• Side chain binding

Quaternary level of Conformation

Multiple proteins and multiple chains of amino acids join together.

• Lots of different protein bundles come together to form multiple bond types

Hydrogen Bond

Holds together a protein and alpha helix

Structural (Protein)

Rigid, supports structures like collagen

Regulatory (Protein)

• Signals molecules

• Cell communicates by 1 cell releasing the chemical and the other cell detects the chemical

• Hormone (messenger) Insulin

Regulatory (Enzyme)

Catalyst enzyme that determines which metabolic reaction will occur

Contractile (Protein)

• Produce movement

• Protein filaments are good at stretching/tension (Actin)

Protection (Protein)

(Immunity) Produce molecules that attack bacteria

• Blood secretes antibodies

Transport (Protein)

Hemoglobin (4 Proteins) transports oxygen

Enzymes

Catalysts are protein molecules

• Contain amino acids

• Primarily based in protein

Apoenzyme

(Protein portion) Must bind to component of protein and cofactor

Cofactor

(Non-protein portion) Metals such as zinc or iron, required for changing shape of enzyme

Specific Enzymes

Binds to only substrate (reactant)

• Must recognize correct substrate to depart it and merge it with another

Kinase

add a phosphate

Phosphatase

Removes phosphate

Enzyme Denaturation

Changes protein structure, does not function anymore :(

Nucleic Acid

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous

DNA

Genetic material in humans (Hydrogen bonding)

• 2 polymers that join together

• Double stranded

Gene

Determine traits that are inherited

Nucleotide Components

• Pyrimidens (smaller)

• Purines (larger)

• 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose) attaches to base in DNA

• Phosphate group (PO43-) forms the backbone

RNA

• Secondary structure

• Single stranded

• AU pair, CG pair

RNA Messenger

Carries instruction of DNA

RNA Ribosomal

Part of machine which puts amino acids together

RNA Transfer

Decodes the sequence and brings amino acids

Nucleic acids can be used for

Energy storage (ATP)

ATP Components

• 3 Phosphate groups

• Adenine

• 5 carbon sugar (ribose)

ATP is used for

• Removal of phosphate group (hydrolysis reaction)

• Release energy

• Leaves ADP

Formation of ATP

• add phosphate group to ADP

• Requires energy

• 1 glucose molecule yields 38 molecules of ATP

Anaerobic vs. Aerobic

1. No oxygen

2. Oxygen (Carbon + Water)

Carbohydrate Pneumonic

CHO

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

Lipid Pneumonic

CHO

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

Protein Pneumonic

CHON

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Nucleic Acid Pneumonic

CHONP

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• Phosphorous