CHM2210 Functional Groups

Organic Chemistry

hydrocarbons

only contain hydrogen and carbon

heteroatom

an atom that is not hydrogen or carbon

amide

Nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl (C=O) group, and a hydrogen and/or R group

amide

alkane

hydrocarbon where carbons are single bonded

alkane

alkene

hydrocarbon where carbons are double bonded

alkene

alkyne

hydrocarbon where carbons are triple bonded

alkyne

arene (benzene)

hydrocarbon containing a stable, pi bonded ring of carbons

arene

R

H, alkyl

X

F, Cl, Br, I

alcohol

hydroxyl attached to a carbon atom

alcohol

phenol

hydroxyl attached to a benzene

phenol

ether

an oxygen bonded to two carbon groups

epoxide

triangular carbon-carbon-oxygen ring

epoxide

alkanethiol

hydrocarbon chain with a -SH group at the end

alkanethiol

arenethiol

-SH attached to a benzene ring

sulfide

S bridges two alkyls

sulfide

haloalkane

alkane where one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen

haloalkane

amine

N atom with three bonds, one or more being an alkyl and the rest being H

amine

nitrile

nitrogen triple bonded to a carbon

nitrile

aldehyde

carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a hydrogen and alkyl

aldehyde

ketone

carbon bonded to two alkyls and double bonded to an oxygen

ketone

carboxylic acid

-COOH double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydroxyl and a hydrocarbon

carboxylic acid

acid anahydride

two acyl groups (R-C=O) linked by an oxygen

acid anahydride

ester

carbon double bonded to an oxygen, single bonded to a carbon chain and another oxygen which is then attached to another carbon chain

ester

acyl/acid halide

Carbon double bonded to an oxygen, R group, and a halogen

acyl/acid halide