The first scientific method of criminal identification
New cards
2
Alphonse Bertillon
Anthropometry is Attributable to \_____.
New cards
3
fingerprinting system
Bertillonage as a scientific method of personal identification was ultimately supplanted by the \______.
New cards
4
Descriptive data
Color of hair, eyes, complexion, shape of nose, ears and chin.
New cards
5
Body measurement
Height, AP diameter of head and trunk, span of outstretched arms, length of middle finger, left little finger, left forearm and left foot, length and breadth of right ear, and color of left iris (11 such measurements).
New cards
6
Body marks
Moles, scars and tattoo marks.
New cards
7
Photographs
Front view and right profile of the head are also taken
New cards
8
Dactylography
The study of fingerprints as a method of identification
New cards
9
Sir William Herschel
In 1858, \____ was the first to use Dactylography.
New cards
10
Sir Francis Galton
In 1892, \______ formalized Dactylography.
New cards
11
**Loop Pattern**
A loop is formed when one or more ridges entering from the same side recurving, existing from the same side.
New cards
12
**Radial loop**
The loop where the ridges start from the radial bone or thumb side of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.
New cards
13
**Ulnar loop**
The loop where the ridges start from ulnar loop or little finger of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.
New cards
14
**Arch Pattern**
the ridges run from one side of the print to another side, forming an arch like formation.
New cards
15
**Plain arch (A)**
The ridges run from left side to other side with a small rise at the center like a hill or hump.
New cards
16
**Tented arch (T)**
In this ridges entering from left side making an upright thrust at the center flowing towards the right side of the pattern.
New cards
17
**Whorl Pattern**
Almost 30-35 % of populations have whorl pattern. Whorl is having one core and 2 deltas.
New cards
18
**Composite Pattern**
the composites are combinations of all the above-mentioned patterns.
New cards
19
**Central pocket loop**
a combination of a loop and a whorl.
New cards
20
**Lateral pocket loop**
a double loop pattern in which two loops are formed either by overlapping or surrounding one another and both the loops after terminating exiting from the same side of the delta.
New cards
21
Patent (visible) print
Needs no processing to be clearly recognizable as a fingerprint. It is often.
New cards
22
Plastic (impression/indentation) print
A recognizable fingerprint indentation in a soft surface, such as butter, soap, cheese, paint, putty or tar.
New cards
23
Latent print
It requires additional processing to be rendered visible and suitable for comparison.
New cards
24
**Locard’s Principle of Exchange**
‘When two objects come into contact with each other, there is always some transfer of material from one to the other’; hence, the great importance of visualizing them onto useful evidence.
New cards
25
**Composition of latent print residue**
Palmer and planter surfaces are hairless and sebaceous gland-free, but sweat glands are abundant, producing latent fingerprint residue.
New cards
26
Vacuum metal deposition (VMD)
Most sensitive, being capable of detecting monolayer of fat by sequential deposition of a thin coating of thermally evaporated gold followed by zinc.
New cards
27
**Fingerprint powders**
One of the oldest techniques for detecting fresh latent prints. It is widely used, but insensitive.
New cards
28
**Superglue fuming**
Can be used on any nonporous surfaces, and is particularly useful on surfaces such as rough or grained plastic surfaces which cannot be easily treated using VMD.
New cards
29
**Small particle reagent (SPR)**
Consists of a suspension of molybdenum disulfide suspended in aqueous detergent solution, which is applied by spraying or immersion.
New cards
30
**Iodine fuming**
One of the oldest and cheapest methods, and can develop recent prints on porous and non-porous surfaces
New cards
31
**DFO (1,8-diaza-9-fluorenone)**
It is the most sensitive reagent available for detecting fingerprint on porous surfaces.
New cards
32
**Ninhydrin**
It is a widely used chemical which reacts with amino acids and produces a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemann’s purple.
New cards
33
**Powders**
Smooth papers may be treated with black or magnetic powder, although these will usually detect recent fingerprints.
New cards
34
**Superglue fuming**
may be used on some smooth surfaces such as cigarette packets.
New cards
35
**Physical developer**
It is the only available technique for detecting fingerprints on a wet porous surface.
New cards
36
**Radioactive sulfur dioxide**
Useful for fabrics and adhesive tapes.
New cards
37
**Sudan black**
Useful for surfaces contaminated by grease or foodstuffs.
New cards
38
**Osmium tetraoxide**
Useful for both porous and non-porous surfaces.
New cards
39
**Electronography**
This technique involved dusting the skin surface with lead (or iron) and then exposure to long wave X-rays (Grenz rays).
New cards
40
Scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
can be used for imaging of latent fingerprints; it is of little use for casework because its application often requires a small area to be cut from the exhibit and coated with a conductive material to prevent the sample charging.
New cards
41
static threshold
Resolution in 1973 discouraged '\_____' identification ideology.
New cards
42
Level 1
The ridge flow (pattern type, ridge count and focal areas such as delta, core and orientation).
New cards
43
Level 2
The ridge path (Galton details or ‘points’) includes ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, combinations of the above and their relationship to one another.
New cards
44
Level 3
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy both involve detail and are used in latent prints by examiners even without their conscious knowledge.
New cards
45
**Ridgeology**
refers to friction ridge identification that is associated with all the ridges on the volar areas and not just on the fingertips.
New cards
46
Fingerprint Bureau
The first ‘\_______’ in the world was officially established in Kolkata on 12th June 1897 at Writers’ Building
New cards
47
**Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)**
A storage, search, retrieval and exchange system for finger and palm print electronic images and demographic data
New cards
48
Poroscopy
A specialized study of pore structure found on the papillary ridges of the fingers as a means of identification.
New cards
49
**Edgeoscopy**
Coined by Salil K Chatterjee in 1962; the examination of papillary ridge edges to identify them.
New cards
50
**Footprints**
Skin patterns of toes and heels are as distinct and permanent as those of fingers.
New cards
51
Forensic podiatry
Specialty using clinical podiatric knowledge for the purpose of person identification.
New cards
52
Cheiloscopy
The study of lips.
New cards
53
**Type I**
represents grooves running vertically over the lips.
New cards
54
**Type II**
represents the branched grooves.
New cards
55
**Type III**
represents the intersected grooves.
New cards
56
**Type IV**
represents the reticular pattern, much like a wire mesh.
New cards
57
**Type V**
represents all other patterns. These are irregular non-classified patterns.
New cards
58
Trichology
Examination of hair.
New cards
59
Root
The portion of hair at the base of skin. It has a base known as bulb, embedded inside the hair follicle.
New cards
60
Shaft
The portion of hair lying above the skin and tapers to terminate at the free end as tip.
New cards
61
Cuticle
Outermost layer, consists of thin nonpigmented microscopic scales.
New cards
62
Cortex
Middle layer, consists of longitudinally arranged elongated cells.
New cards
63
Medulla
Innermost layer, composed of keratinized remains of cells.
New cards
64
Natural fibers
These are subdivided into 3 classes
New cards
65
Artificial fibers
These are subdivided into syntheticpolymer, natural-polymer and other fibers.
New cards
66
Medullary index (MI)
The ratio of the diameter of the medulla to the diameter of the cortex.
New cards
67
Scalp hair
Long, soft, taper from root to tip, split ends, and circular on cross section.
New cards
68
Beard and moustache
Thicker, straight, blunted tip, and triangular on cross section.
New cards
69
Axillary and pubic hair
Stout, short, lack of uniformity, and curly with frayed or split ends.
New cards
70
Eyebrow, eyelashes and nostril hair
Short and stiff, thick, tapering abruptly, and triangular on cross section.
New cards
71
Body hair
Soft, fine and flexible, lack of uniformity of medulla, milder pigmentation, and narrow tip.
New cards
72
Lanugo hair
Hair of the newborn are fine, downy, soft, non-pigmented, non-medullated, and cuticular scales have smooth edges.
New cards
73
Adult hair
These are coarser, pigmented and medullated having a complex cuticular pattern.
New cards
74
Gray hair
These are apparent after the age of 40, and are devoid of any pigment.
New cards
75
Superimposition
Technique applied to determine whether the recovered skull is that of the person in the photograph.
New cards
76
Comparison image
It is enlarged to the size of the unknown skull and positioned in the same orientation as the face shot during photographic superimposition.
New cards
77
Computer-assisted superimposition
Which digitizes the skull and face photos using a video computer and suitable software, compares the two images morphologically by image processing.
New cards
78
Forensic Odontology
It deals with the application of dentistry to aid in the administration of justice.
New cards
79
Nature of bite marks
Comprise of a crop of punctate haemorrhages varying from small petechiae to large ecchymoses merging into a confluent central bruise.
New cards
80
Human bite
It is semicircular or crescentic owing to the front teeth (incisors and canines) with a gap on each side due to upper and lower jaw separation, whereas an animal bite is deep parabolic arch or U-shaped.
New cards
81
Self-inflicted bite marks
These are present on accessible parts of the body, e.g. shoulders or arms, usually seen in psychiatric patients or teenage girls.
New cards
82
Accidental marks
These are resulting from falls on to the face and during fits, biting of tongue and lips may also be there.
New cards
83
sucking action
In sexual assault, \_____ during bites reduces the air pressure in the centre and produces multiple petechial haemorrhages due to rupture of small capillaries and venules
New cards
84
Photograph
Bite mark is photographed from different angles.
New cards
85
Swabbing of saliva
To identify or exclude assailant from ‘secretor’ status who exude blood group substances in the saliva.
New cards
86
Impression of bite mark
Plastic substance (rubber or silicone based) or plaster of Paris is laid over the bite mark that hardens and produces a permanent negative cast of the lesion.
New cards
87
Dental profiling
A forensic dentist's "picture" of a person's general features when dental records are unavailable and other methods of identification are not possible.
New cards
88
Universal (Cunningham) system
Follows the plan advocated by American and International Society of Forensic Odontology.
New cards
89
Palmer’s notation
Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous teeth indicated by a letter A to E.
New cards
90
Haderup system
It is similar to Palmer notation, except it uses a plus sign (+) to designate upper teeth and a minus sign (-) for lower.
New cards
91
FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale)-two-digit system
A two-digit notation capable of indicating tooth and quadrant was developed.
New cards
92
Modified FDI system
In this method, the tooth and quadrant are designated by a separate number.
New cards
93
Diagrammatic or anatomical chart
In this, each tooth is represented by a pictorial symbol that gives the same number of tooth surfaces as those on that particular tooth in mouth.
New cards
94
Palatoscopy/palato-print/rugoscopy
It is the study of palatal rugae in order to establish identity.
New cards
95
Fronal sinus print
It is unique to a particular individual, and these are permanent and fixed and rarely alter following infection or injury.
New cards
96
Vascular grooves and sutural pattern
The sutural pattern on the skull bone particularly of sagittal and lambdoid sutures are complex and are individualistic.
New cards
97
Ear print
It is the study of shapes of the ear lobules and tips of ears as well as the hardness or softness of the helix and lobules, and hairiness of the helix and tragus.
New cards
98
Nose print
The lines on the nose and shape of the tip of nose are considered to be individualistic
New cards
99
Nail print
It is the study of the depressions and elevations (striations), numbers, distribution and dimensions of the ridges on the surface of the nails which are considered to be individualistic.
New cards
100
EV method of identification
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and vector cardiogram (VCG) trace expresses cardiac features that are unique to an individual.
Studied by 3 people
