Studied by 2 peopleAnthropometry
The first scientific method of criminal identification
Alphonse Bertillon
Anthropometry is Attributable to _____.
fingerprinting system
Bertillonage as a scientific method of personal identification was ultimately supplanted by the ______.
Descriptive data
Color of hair, eyes, complexion, shape of nose, ears and chin.
Body measurement
Height, AP diameter of head and trunk, span of outstretched arms, length of middle finger, left little finger, left forearm and left foot, length and breadth of right ear, and color of left iris (11 such measurements).
Body marks
Moles, scars and tattoo marks.
Photographs
Front view and right profile of the head are also taken
Dactylography
The study of fingerprints as a method of identification
Sir William Herschel
In 1858, ____ was the first to use Dactylography.
Sir Francis Galton
In 1892, ______ formalized Dactylography.
Loop Pattern
A loop is formed when one or more ridges entering from the same side recurving, existing from the same side.
Radial loop
The loop where the ridges start from the radial bone or thumb side of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.
Ulnar loop
The loop where the ridges start from ulnar loop or little finger of the hand and recurving around the core and exiting to the same side of the hand.
Arch Pattern
the ridges run from one side of the print to another side, forming an arch like formation.
Plain arch (A)
The ridges run from left side to other side with a small rise at the center like a hill or hump.
Tented arch (T)
In this ridges entering from left side making an upright thrust at the center flowing towards the right side of the pattern.
Whorl Pattern
Almost 30-35 % of populations have whorl pattern. Whorl is having one core and 2 deltas.
Composite Pattern
the composites are combinations of all the above-mentioned patterns.
Central pocket loop
a combination of a loop and a whorl.
Lateral pocket loop
a double loop pattern in which two loops are formed either by overlapping or surrounding one another and both the loops after terminating exiting from the same side of the delta.
Patent (visible) print
Needs no processing to be clearly recognizable as a fingerprint. It is often.
Plastic (impression/indentation) print
A recognizable fingerprint indentation in a soft surface, such as butter, soap, cheese, paint, putty or tar.
Latent print
It requires additional processing to be rendered visible and suitable for comparison.
Locardâs Principle of Exchange
âWhen two objects come into contact with each other, there is always some transfer of material from one to the otherâ; hence, the great importance of visualizing them onto useful evidence.
Composition of latent print residue
Palmer and planter surfaces are hairless and sebaceous gland-free, but sweat glands are abundant, producing latent fingerprint residue.
Vacuum metal deposition (VMD)
Most sensitive, being capable of detecting monolayer of fat by sequential deposition of a thin coating of thermally evaporated gold followed by zinc.
Fingerprint powders
One of the oldest techniques for detecting fresh latent prints. It is widely used, but insensitive.
Superglue fuming
Can be used on any nonporous surfaces, and is particularly useful on surfaces such as rough or grained plastic surfaces which cannot be easily treated using VMD.
Small particle reagent (SPR)
Consists of a suspension of molybdenum disulfide suspended in aqueous detergent solution, which is applied by spraying or immersion.
Iodine fuming
One of the oldest and cheapest methods, and can develop recent prints on porous and non-porous surfaces
DFO (1,8-diaza-9-fluorenone)
It is the most sensitive reagent available for detecting fingerprint on porous surfaces.
Ninhydrin
It is a widely used chemical which reacts with amino acids and produces a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemannâs purple.
Powders
Smooth papers may be treated with black or magnetic powder, although these will usually detect recent fingerprints.
Superglue fuming
may be used on some smooth surfaces such as cigarette packets.
Physical developer
It is the only available technique for detecting fingerprints on a wet porous surface.
Radioactive sulfur dioxide
Useful for fabrics and adhesive tapes.
Sudan black
Useful for surfaces contaminated by grease or foodstuffs.
Osmium tetraoxide
Useful for both porous and non-porous surfaces.
Electronography
This technique involved dusting the skin surface with lead (or iron) and then exposure to long wave X-rays (Grenz rays).
Scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer
can be used for imaging of latent fingerprints; it is of little use for casework because its application often requires a small area to be cut from the exhibit and coated with a conductive material to prevent the sample charging.
static threshold
Resolution in 1973 discouraged '_____' identification ideology.
Level 1
The ridge flow (pattern type, ridge count and focal areas such as delta, core and orientation).
Level 2
The ridge path (Galton details or âpointsâ) includes ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, combinations of the above and their relationship to one another.
Level 3
Poroscopy and edgeoscopy both involve detail and are used in latent prints by examiners even without their conscious knowledge.
Ridgeology
refers to friction ridge identification that is associated with all the ridges on the volar areas and not just on the fingertips.
Fingerprint Bureau
The first â_______â in the world was officially established in Kolkata on 12th June 1897 at Writersâ Building
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
A storage, search, retrieval and exchange system for finger and palm print electronic images and demographic data
Poroscopy
A specialized study of pore structure found on the papillary ridges of the fingers as a means of identification.
Edgeoscopy
Coined by Salil K Chatterjee in 1962; the examination of papillary ridge edges to identify them.
Footprints
Skin patterns of toes and heels are as distinct and permanent as those of fingers.
Forensic podiatry
Specialty using clinical podiatric knowledge for the purpose of person identification.
Cheiloscopy
The study of lips.
Type I
represents grooves running vertically over the lips.
Type II
represents the branched grooves.
Type III
represents the intersected grooves.
Type IV
represents the reticular pattern, much like a wire mesh.
Type V
represents all other patterns. These are irregular non-classified patterns.
Trichology
Examination of hair.
Root
The portion of hair at the base of skin. It has a base known as bulb, embedded inside the hair follicle.
Shaft
The portion of hair lying above the skin and tapers to terminate at the free end as tip.
Cuticle
Outermost layer, consists of thin nonpigmented microscopic scales.
Cortex
Middle layer, consists of longitudinally arranged elongated cells.
Medulla
Innermost layer, composed of keratinized remains of cells.
Natural fibers
These are subdivided into 3 classes
Artificial fibers
These are subdivided into syntheticpolymer, natural-polymer and other fibers.
Medullary index (MI)
The ratio of the diameter of the medulla to the diameter of the cortex.
Scalp hair
Long, soft, taper from root to tip, split ends, and circular on cross section.
Beard and moustache
Thicker, straight, blunted tip, and triangular on cross section.
Axillary and pubic hair
Stout, short, lack of uniformity, and curly with frayed or split ends.
Eyebrow, eyelashes and nostril hair
Short and stiff, thick, tapering abruptly, and triangular on cross section.
Body hair
Soft, fine and flexible, lack of uniformity of medulla, milder pigmentation, and narrow tip.
Lanugo hair
Hair of the newborn are fine, downy, soft, non-pigmented, non-medullated, and cuticular scales have smooth edges.
Adult hair
These are coarser, pigmented and medullated having a complex cuticular pattern.
Gray hair
These are apparent after the age of 40, and are devoid of any pigment.
Superimposition
Technique applied to determine whether the recovered skull is that of the person in the photograph.
Comparison image
It is enlarged to the size of the unknown skull and positioned in the same orientation as the face shot during photographic superimposition.
Computer-assisted superimposition
Which digitizes the skull and face photos using a video computer and suitable software, compares the two images morphologically by image processing.
Forensic Odontology
It deals with the application of dentistry to aid in the administration of justice.
Nature of bite marks
Comprise of a crop of punctate haemorrhages varying from small petechiae to large ecchymoses merging into a confluent central bruise.
Human bite
It is semicircular or crescentic owing to the front teeth (incisors and canines) with a gap on each side due to upper and lower jaw separation, whereas an animal bite is deep parabolic arch or U-shaped.
Self-inflicted bite marks
These are present on accessible parts of the body, e.g. shoulders or arms, usually seen in psychiatric patients or teenage girls.
Accidental marks
These are resulting from falls on to the face and during fits, biting of tongue and lips may also be there.
sucking action
In sexual assault, _____ during bites reduces the air pressure in the centre and produces multiple petechial haemorrhages due to rupture of small capillaries and venules
Photograph
Bite mark is photographed from different angles.
Swabbing of saliva
To identify or exclude assailant from âsecretorâ status who exude blood group substances in the saliva.
Impression of bite mark
Plastic substance (rubber or silicone based) or plaster of Paris is laid over the bite mark that hardens and produces a permanent negative cast of the lesion.
Dental profiling
A forensic dentist's "picture" of a person's general features when dental records are unavailable and other methods of identification are not possible.
Universal (Cunningham) system
Follows the plan advocated by American and International Society of Forensic Odontology.
Palmerâs notation
Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous teeth indicated by a letter A to E.
Haderup system
It is similar to Palmer notation, except it uses a plus sign (+) to designate upper teeth and a minus sign (-) for lower.
FDI (Federation Dentaire Internationale)-two-digit system
A two-digit notation capable of indicating tooth and quadrant was developed.
Modified FDI system
In this method, the tooth and quadrant are designated by a separate number.
Diagrammatic or anatomical chart
In this, each tooth is represented by a pictorial symbol that gives the same number of tooth surfaces as those on that particular tooth in mouth.
Palatoscopy/palato-print/rugoscopy
It is the study of palatal rugae in order to establish identity.
Fronal sinus print
It is unique to a particular individual, and these are permanent and fixed and rarely alter following infection or injury.
Vascular grooves and sutural pattern
The sutural pattern on the skull bone particularly of sagittal and lambdoid sutures are complex and are individualistic.
Ear print
It is the study of shapes of the ear lobules and tips of ears as well as the hardness or softness of the helix and lobules, and hairiness of the helix and tragus.
Nose print
The lines on the nose and shape of the tip of nose are considered to be individualistic
Nail print
It is the study of the depressions and elevations (striations), numbers, distribution and dimensions of the ridges on the surface of the nails which are considered to be individualistic.
EV method of identification
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) and vector cardiogram (VCG) trace expresses cardiac features that are unique to an individual.
Note 
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