MindTap - Chapter 3: Meat and Bones

what two systems make up the musculoskeletal system?

the skeletal system and the muscular system

skeletal system

forms the framework that supports and protects an animals body

what does the skeletal system consist of?

bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons

red bone marrow

within bones; forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells

joints

aid in the movement of the body

cartilage

protects the ends of bone where they contact each other

tendon

connects muscle to bones

ligament

connect bones to other bone; supports joints

what is the skeletal system made up of?

connective tissues which bind together and support various structures of the body

what are connective tissues

bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage

what is the hardest tissue in the body?

bone 

what is the skeleton made up of?

cartilage and fibrous membranes that harden before birth

why does bone constantly build itself up and break down?

it allows the bone to repair and heal itself

ossification

formation of bone from fibrous tissue

how long does ossification last?

until maturity; depends on species

osteoblasts

immature bone cells that produce bony tissue

osteoclasts

phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone

yellow bone marrow

composed of fat cells and serves as a fat storage area

cortical bone

hard, strong bone; forms the outer layer

cortex

bark or shell

cancellous bone

lighter, less strong bone found in the ends or inner portions of long bones

epiphysis

wide end of long bone, covered in cartilage, composed of cancellous bone

diaphysis

main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone

physis

primary function is to lengthen the bone

proximal epiphysis

located nearest to the midline of the body

distal epiphysis

located farthest away from the midline

metaphysis

indistinct region of bone located between the physics and the diaphysis

periosteum

dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

endosteum

dense layer of membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bone

long bones

bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity

short bones

cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (like a femur)

flat bones

thin, flat bones (like the pelvis)

pneumatic bones

sinus-containing bones (like the frontal lobe)

irregular bones

small bones embedded in a tendon (only exception is the distal sesamoid in a horse)

articular cartilage

covers the joint surfaces

meniscus

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints that cushions forces applied to the joint

joints or articulations

connections between bones

articulate

to join in a way that allows motion between parts

synarthroses

joint that allows no movement

amphiarthroses

joint that allows slight movement

diarthroses

joint that allows free movement

ball-and-socket joints

allows a wide range of motion

arthrodial or condyloid joints

joints with a oval projections that fit into a socket

throchoid joints

pulley shaped joints like the connection between the atlas to the axis

hinge joints

allow motion in one direction (elbow)

gliding joints

move or glide over each other

saddle joint

(PRIMATES ONLY) allows primates to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct the thumb

bursa

a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to reduce friction during movement

synovial fluid

acts as a lubricant for joint movement

frontal

forms the roof of the cranial cavity of the skull

parietal

paired bones that form the roof of the casual cranial cavity

occipital

forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the opening for the spinal cord is located

temporal

paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium

spheroid

paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts if the floor and sides of the eye socket

ethmoid

forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity

incisive

forms the rastra part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares

pterygoid

forms the lateral wall of nasopharynx

vertebral column

supports the head and body, provides protection for the spinal cord

manubrium

cranial portion of the sternum

body of the sternum

middle portion

xiphoid process

caudal portion of the sternum

appen

add or hang

P1

long pastern bone in livestock

P2

short pastern bone in livestock

P3

coffin bone in livestock (claw or nail in small animals)

bones have…

bumps, grooves, ridges, extensions, and depressions

osteotomy

cutting into a bone

osteostomy

making a permanent new opening in a bone

osteocentesis

surgical procedure and tapping of a bone

osteodesis

binding together of bones

osteopexy

surgical fixation of a bone

osteoplasty

surgical repair of a damaged bone

ostectomy

surgical removal of a bone

what are muscles responsible for?

ambulation, control of organs and tissues, pumping of blood, generation of heat

aponeurosis

a fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle

kinesio/o

movement

agon

struggle

synergists

muscles that contract at the same time

erg

work

relaxion

lessening of tension

neuromuscular junction

nerve endings come in contact with muscle cells

syn

together

contracting

tightening

tonus

balanced muscle tension

orgin

where muscle begins

insertion

where muscle ends

abductor

muscle that moves away from the midline

adductor

muscle that moves towards the midline

flexor

muscle that a limb bends at its joint

extensor

muscle that straightens a limb

levator

muscle that raises

depressor

muscle that lowers

rotator

muscle that turns a body part on its axis

supinator

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface up

pronator

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface down

pectoral

located on the chest

epaxial

located above the pelvis

intercostal

located between the ribs

infraspinatus

located beneath the spine of the scapula

supraspinatus

located above the spine of the scapula