nutrition chapter 7- energy balance and obesity

kcal in = kcal out

weight stays the same

kcals in > kcals out

weight increases

kcals in < kcals out

weight decreases

fast food and convenience food may contribute ___ kcals

excess

why can low fat or fat free foods be deceiving

because the calories might be equal to the original product

what is the largest source of added sugar in the diet

sugar sweetened beverages

adolescents who eliminated SSB from their diet for one year, gained on average ___ pounds ___ than their SSB drinking peers

4 pounds less

what are the three ways calories are expended

resting energy expenditure, physical activity, and thermic effect of food

REE + PA + TEF =

total energy expenditure (TEE)

where we expend the most calories

at rest, (resting energy expenditure)

BMR meaning

basal metabolic rate

energy metabolism that occurs after walking in the morning, at least 12 hours

basal metabolic rate

• breathing

• heart beat

• brain

• liver

• kidneys

functions that sustain life

calories burned while sitting or sleeping, make up most of the calories burned in a day

resting energy expenditure

energy expenditure through voluntary physical effort, including daily activities, exercise, or physical labor

• energy needed for muscle contraction

physical activity

another name for physical activity

exercise activated thermogenesis

• body weight and muscle mass utilized

• duration of activity

• intensity of activity

• fitness level

• type of activity

factors influencing energy burned during exercise

the process of burning calories as you digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize food

thermic effect of food

the body burns about ___% of calories consumed from meal

10

which macro has a higher tef, how much is it

protein, 30%

665.1 + (9.563 x weight in kg) + (1.85 x height in cm) - (4.676 x age)

BMR formula for women

66.5 + (13.75 x weight in kg) + (5.003 x height in cm) - (6.775 x age)

BMR formula for men

measure of weight relative to height, used to diagnose obesity or overweightness

BMI

BMI meaning

body mass index

weight in kg / heigh in meters squared

BMI formula

18.5-24.9

normal body weight

25-29.5

overweight

over 30

obese

under 18.5

underweight

• decreased overall energy

• respiratory complications

• heart irregularities (will break itself down)

• infertility (no periods)

• delayed wound healing

• weakened immune system

• osteoporosis

negative consequences to being underweight

condition associated with decreased bone mass and bone density that can result in increased risk of bone fracture

osteoporosis

osteoporosis occurs after

osteopenia

• older age

• women

• being underweight

• tobacco use

• physical inactivity

those at greater risk for osteoporosis

• does not distinguish between fat and muscle loss

  • athletes

• various ethnicities

• sex

• elderly

limitations of BMI

is BMI good for individuals or populations

populations

lean tissue mass +fat mass + water

total body mass

fat required for normal physiological functioning

essential fat

fat in adipose tissue, tissue under the skin, and fat that pads the essential organs

storage fat

fat over muscle and under skin at hips and thighs

gynoid pattern

body fat can be stored under the abdominal muscle around internal organs 

• visceral fat

• associated with high risk for chronic conditions due to excess fat

android pattern

the obesity epidemic is not just an issue for the united states and other industrial societies

globesity

factors that can affect weight

physiological, psychological, lifestyle behaviors, social and economic

obesity is caused by a positive energy balance that results from ____. this is called ___

eating more calories than you burn, energetics

if part of social network is obese, individual ideas of acceptable weight ___

increases

the theory that the body is programmed to gravitate toward a particular weight

set point theory

increase in number of cells

hyperplasia

increase in size of cells

hypertrophy

when a person gains weight in the form of fat, both the number and size of fat storing cells, known as ___, ___

adipocytes, increases

hormone released by fat cells to signal the brain that the body has had enough to eat:

leptin

what does leptin do, where is it secreted from

causes satiety, secreted from adipose tissue/cells

what does peptide yy function as

satiety cue

increased leptin levels results in ___ food intake and ____ metabolism

decreased, increased

do we want increased or decreased leptin sensitivity

increased

larger people have increased/decreased metabolic rate and energy expenditure

increased

the physiological need to eat

hunger

the desire to eat

appetite

what is hunger triggered by

hypoglycemia and low glycogen

compound neurotransmitter that increases food intake and blood glucose levels, promoting the storage of energy in fat cells

• promotes hunger, lower pain, and lower anxiety

neuropeptide y

hunger stimulating hormone produced by cells lining the stomach when stomach is empty

• primary hunger hormone

ghrelin

primary satiety hormone

leptin

key to success of weight loss or maintenance

adherence

the best weight loss regimens promote:

small moderate lifestyle changes

candidates for weight loss surgery

• 40 kg/m squared

• 35 kg/m squared with complications

• part of stomach removed

• small stomach = less room for food

• restriction

vertical sleeve gastrectomy

• adjustable band fits around upper part of stomach

• restriction

• band placed near lower esophageal sphincter

adjustable gastric band procedure

• small pouch created from stomach

• part of small intestine bypassed

• restriction and malabsorption

• most common

roux-en- Y gastric bypass

general recommendations for childhood obesity

• weight maintenance is advised

• dont encourage dieting

• gain height and grow into their weight