Cell Differentiation and Specialisation

Stem Cells

Unspecialised cells within multicellular organisms that do not have a specific function or structure associated with a particular cell type.

Self-Renewal

The ability of stem cells to divide and replicate over long periods while maintaining an undifferentiated state.

Potency

The potential of a stem cell to differentiate into different types of cells, varying from totipotent to unipotent.

Totipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can give rise to nearly all cell types but not extraembryonic tissues.

Multipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types within a specific tissue or organ.

Unipotent Stem Cells

Stem cells that can produce only one cell type but retain the property of self-renewal.

Differentiation

The process by which unspecialised stem cells develop into specialised cells with distinct structures and functions.

Gene Activation/Repression

The mechanism involved in differentiation that leads to the production of proteins determining a cell's characteristics and function.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function, formed as stem cells differentiate.

Organs

Structures composed of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

Hierarchical Structural Organisation

The arrangement of biological organization in multicellular organisms, from cells to organisms.

Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities.

Muscle Tissue

A type of tissue responsible for movement.

Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports and binds other tissues.

Nervous Tissue

A type of tissue that transmits electrical signals.

Organ Systems

Groups of organs that work together to perform a major function of the organism.

Circulatory System

An organ system that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, responsible for pumping blood.

Respiratory System

An organ system that includes the lungs and airways, responsible for gas exchange.

Digestive System

An organ system that includes the stomach, intestines, and other digestive organs, responsible for processing food.