micro exam 1

microbiology

study of microbes found in soil, water, and air, often too small to be seen

microorganisms/microbes

cellular living and nonliving/non-cellular organisms/entities (viruses and prions)

bioremediation

processes that use bacteria to clean up toxic wastes.

gene therapy

viruses are used to carry replacements for defective or missing genes into human cells

e. coli (gut bacteria)

bacteria in the gut that produce vitamin K, an essential factor for blood clotting in humans

bacteria

prokaryotic microorganism, unicellular

archaea

prokaryotic microorganism, unicellular

fungi

eukaryotic microorganisms, unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mold)

protozoa

eukaryotic microorganism, unicellular.

algae

eukaryotic microorganisms, unicellular or multicellular

helminths

eukaryotic organism, multicellular

viruses

noncellular, nonliving, not cells

prions

noncellular, nonliving, not cells

robert hooke

compound microscope, observed nematodes, mites, mold filaments, and thin cork, coined the term "cells"

anton van leeuwenhoek

first person to observe bacteria using a single-lens microscope; father of microbiology

spontaneous generation

life arises from nonliving matter, "vital force" is necessary for life

biogenesis

living cells arise from preexisting living cells

louis pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment

meat broth boiled in swan-neck flask, intact flasks remained sterile while broken necks allowed microbes to appear, disproved spontaneous generation

germ theory of disease

principle that specific diseases are caused by microscopic "germs"

ignaz semmelweis

hand-washing reduce the number of women dying after childbirth

joseph lister

dressed surgical wounds and washed with phenol, demonstrating that antisepsis during surgery prevents patient death

robert koch

specific microbe causes a specific disease

edward jenner

inoculated a person with cowpox virus to confer immunity to smallpox, demonstrating that exposure to a milder disease form can produce immunity

alexander fleming

discovered first antibiotic by accident

louis pasteur

discovered the microbial basis of fermentation, showed that supplying oxygen does not enable spontaneous generation

colonization

ability of microbes to stay attached to the body surface and replicate

adhesins

enable microbiota to attach to host cells

infection

pathogen/parasie enters and grows on host, most no symptoms

disease

patient develops symptoms

latent infection

hidden, inactive for periods of time

focal infection

localized infection that spreads

disseminated infection

localized infection that spreads, affecting multiple organ systems

metastatic infection

site of infection resulting from dissemination

bacteremia

presence of bacteria in blood

septicemia

bacteria multiplying in blood

virulence

level of harm caused by pathogen

primary pathogen

likely to cause disease after infection

opportunistic pathogen

less likely to cause disease after infection

LD50

lethal dose

ID_

infectious dose

signs

can be observed

symptoms

experienced by person

syndrome

signs and symptoms that characterize a condition

sequelae

damage to host tissue when killing microrbe

stages of infectious disease

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

7 F’s

flies, food, fingers, formites, feces, fluid (body), fornication

formite

inanimate object

vehicle

food, water, air

light microscope with oil

1000x

shorter wavelength

higher resolution

light microscope (LM)

stained samples, cell dead, most common

phase contrast microscope (PCM)

stained or unstained samples, cell alive, see shape

fluorescence microscopy (FM)

stained with florescent dye, cell alive or dead

scanning electron microspoy (SEM)

3d image, much detail, cell dead

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

shows sections of cells internal, cell dead

bacillus

plural, bacilli, rods (most common)

coccus

plural, cocci, spheres (most common)

vibrio

curved rod, bean shape

spirillum

spiral shape, thick and rigid

spirochete

spiral shape, thin and flexible

pleomorphism

some cells within single species can vary in shape and size

absorption

object blocks part of the light

reflection

reflecting 3d surface image

refraction

lens magnifies the image

scattering

dark field, background dark sample bright

immersion oil

100x, keeps light from refracing

types of light microscopy

compound light, dark field, phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, fluorescence, confocal

compound microscope

multiple lens to make image look normal

bright-field microscopy

light absorbed, cell appears dark against bright background

stains bind to

negative charges in dna/rna

simple stain

single dye, visualize shapes and structures

differential stain

stains two different types of cells two different colors

gram staining

1884, christian gram
gram positive cells: retain stain, appear dark purple
gram negative cells: colorless, counterstained pink

gram variable bacteria

do not consistently stain (old culture, lose color, purple then pink)

no gram reaction

do not respond to gram staining, no cell wall

acid-fast

resistant to stain

negative stain of capsules

acidic dyes, see outer structure of cell, background darker

dark-field microscopy

field dark, cell bright

phase contrast microscopy

visualize intercellular com

fluorescence microscopy

uses UV light and fluorescence, detect specific microbes and subcellular structures

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

electron veams penetrate thin slice of tissue w/ high resolution

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

stain, electron beam scan specimen, reveals contours of 3d surface