THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Male and Female)

GONADS

the organs that produce gametes and sex hormones. (Testes and ovaries)

GAMETES

are reproductive cells (sperm and ova/egg)

GENITALIA

includes any reproductive structure visible from the outside of the body.

DUCTS

receive and transport gametes and fluids.

Accessory Organ

secrete fluid or mucus into the reproductive system ducts

testes

The primary male sex organs, where sperm and testosterone are produced.

2

Optimal sperm production requires a __°F cooler temperature.

scrotum

The testes reside inside an external pouch of skin called the ___.

cremaster muscle

The _______ can contract and pull the testes closer to the body when warmth is needed.

tunica albuginea

A dense fibrous capsule called the ______ covers each testis.

Seminiferous tubules

______ produce sperm

rete testis

The _____ is a network of tubules that concentrates sperm.

epididymis

The _____ is a storage reservoir for sperm.

2-3 weeks

Sperm undergo maturation for ________ before ejaculation.

Interstitial cells

_________ produce testosterone.

vas deferens

The ________ is a duct that transports mature sperm from the epididymis towards the urethra in the penis.

ejaculatory duct

The vas deferens and duct of a seminal vesicle unite at the _______.

urethra

The ______ transports sperm through the penis and out of the body.

penis

The ______ contains three columns of vascular tissue that fills with blood during an erection.

glans

The ___ is the enlarged distal portion surrounding the opening of the urethra.

Two seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Bulbourethral gland

The male reproductive tract has three accessory glands that add secretions to sperm, creating semen (3)

prostate gland

The _____ produces a fluid that liquefies clotted sperm a short time after ejaculation.

bulbourethral gland

The _______ adds a thick alkaline mucus (pre ejaculate) that provides lubrication for sexual intercourse.

Seminal vesicular secretion

________ is important for semen coagulation and sperm motility

vasectomy

A ______ severs the vas deferens above each testicle.

epididymis

(Vasectomy) The male will still make testosterone and semen as usual, but sperm cells will not leave the _______.

ova, estrogen, progesterone

The ovaries are the primary female reproductive organs, producing ___, ___, and ____.

follicles

Each ovary contains hundreds of sac-like structures called ____

oocyte, follicular cells

Each follicle consists of (2)

oocyte

An ____, or an immature egg cell.

Follicular cells

_______, which produce the female reproductive hormones.

fallopian tubes

The ________ transport oocytes from the ovary to the uterus.

uterus

The ______ is a muscular organ that contains and nourishes a developing fetus.

perimetrium

The ______ separates the uterus from surrounding organs.

myometrium

The ______ is the outer muscular layer.

endometrium

The _______ is the inner lining that is replaced monthly.

cervix

The _______ is a narrow passage that forms the inferior end of the uterus.

cervix

The role of the _____ is to act as a physical barrier between the uterus and the outside environment.

2-3

(Cervix) Its opening is normally ___ cm wide, enough to allow the passage of sperm and menstrual blood.

10

(Cervix) The diameter increases to __ cm during childbirth

vagina

The ___ is a muscular tube that stretches from the cervix to the vulva.

vagina

Allows for sexual intercourse, childbirth, and menstrual flow.

vulva

The ___ is the external female genitalia.

clitoris

The ___ is a highly-sensitive area of erectile tissue.

labia

The ___ are the inner and outer folds of the vulva.

urethral orifice

The ______ is the external opening of the urethra, where urine is released.

OVARIAN CYCLE

Follicle develops into an oocyte, which is released

UTERINE CYCLE

the innermost layer of the endometrium in the uterus thickens with blood vessels

Follicular phase

(ovarian cycle) one of the follicles of the ovary will enlarge and begin to form an oocyte.

estrogen

Increasing amounts of ______ are released during the follicular phase.

ovulation

The oocyte will be released into the fallopian tubes during _____.

Luteal phase

(ovarian cycle) produces the corpus luteum.

corpus luteum

The _______ produces progesterone for about 12 days, then degenerates as the next follicle grows and the cycle repeats.

Menses stage

(uterine cycle) the cells and blood vessels of the endometrium constrict and die

Proliferative stage

(uterine cycle) the endometrium multiply and spread, repairing the lining lost during menses.

estrogen

The proliferative stage is triggered by the growth of a new follicle in the ovaries, which releases ______

Secretory stage

(uterine cycle) endometrium is fully formed and releasing substances needed for the implantation of an embryo

zygote

The fusion of a haploid male gamete and a haploid female gamete to form a diploid cell, the ___.

Sperm

___ swim up through the cervix, uterus, and into the fallopian tubes, towards the oocyte

meiosis (Meiosis II)

When one sperm fertilizes the egg, it begins the second phase of ______

sperm

(Fertilization) Its cell membrane changes, preventing any other ___ cells from entering.

polar body

(Fertilization) A second ____ is formed and reabsorbed

zygote

The ___ begins migrating towards the uterus, dividing as it goes.

blastocyst

The zygote undergoes rapid mitosis, eventually forming a hollow ball of cells called a ____.

implantation

The blastocyst will attach to the endometrium of the uterus, a process called ___.

ectopic pregnancy

If the blastocyst implants into a fallopian tube, the woman has an ________

ectopic pregnancy

This can lead to fallopian tube rupture, so these pregnancies are terminated.

uterus

During pregnancy, the ___ generates all of the structures needed to maintain pregnancy.

Placenta

provides an area for oxygen, nutrients, and waste to diffuse between the separate circulatory systems of the mother and fetus

Amniotic sac

a fluid-filled sac that protects the fetus.

Umbilical cord

contains the umbilical arteries and vein that connect the placenta to the circulatory system of the fetus.

first trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Most organs and external limbs are formed.

first trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Cardiovascular system becomes fully functional.

second trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Facial features, glands, and bones develop.

second trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions begin.

second trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Fetal position is assumed due to space restrictions.

third trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Skin becomes fully developed, including fingernails and toenails

third trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Lungs become functional, including "practice breathing" of amniotic fluid.

third trimester

(stages of pregnancy) Rapid growth, including the deposition of subcutaneous fat.

estrogen, uterus

As birth initiates, ___ levels rise and the ___ begins contracting.

cervix

(Birth) The ___ dilates up to 10cm in diameter.

amniotic sac

(Birth)

○ The _____ ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid.

○ "Breaking the water.

cervix, vagina

(Birth) The infant is delivered through the ___ and ___

placenta, umbilical cord, afterbirth

(Birth) After the infant is born, the ___, ____, and ____ are expelled.

Birth control

______ methods either disrupt ovulation, prevent successful fertilization by a sperm, or not allow implantation of a fertilized embryo.