Blood Test!

What are the three major functions of blood?

transport, regulation, protection

What does blood transport?

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nurtrients, hormones, and wastes

What does blood regulate?

body temperature, pH, and fluid/electrolyte balance

How does blood protect the body?

through immune defenses andd blood clotting

What are the two major components of blood?

plasma and formed elements

What is plasma?

liquid portion of blood

What are formed elements?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

What is the physical appearance of whole blood?

fluid connective tissue with a red color

Why is blood classified as connective tissue?

because it has cells suspended in an extracellular matrix, which is the plasma

What is plasma primarily made of?

mostly water, along with proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes

What are some functions of plasma?

It transports substances and helps regulate pH, temperature, and fluid balance

What are erythrocytes?

red blood cells

What is the primary fuction of erythrocytes?

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the shape of an erythrocytee?

a biconcave disc

Why is the biconcave shape useful?

it increases surface area for gas exchange and alows the cell to be flexible

Do mature erythrocytes have a nucleus?

no

What protin allos erythrocytes to transport oxygen?

hemoglobin

What is a hemoglobin made of?

four protein chains and four heme groups, each containing iron

What does iron in hemoglobin do?

it binds to oxygen

Where are erythrocytes produced?

red bone marrow

What hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

Erythropoietin

Where is erythropoietin primarliy produced?

the kidneys

What happens when erythrocytes become old or damaged?

they are removed from circulation and broken down

What is anemia?

a condition involving inadequate ability of blood to carry oxygen, commonly associated with too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin

What can cause anemia?

blood loss, inadequate RBC production, or increased RBC destruction

What is sickle cell disease?

A disorder involving abnormal hemogloin that causes RBCs to become abnormally shaped

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

What is the main function of leukocytes?

defending the body against pathogens and other harmful substances

What are the five classes of leukocytes?

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

Which leukocyte is generally the most abundant?

Neutrophils

What is a major function of neutrophils?

they help destroy pathogens, especially through phagocytosis

What are lymphocytes involved in?

immune responses

What do monocytes become after entering tissues?

they can become macrophages

What do macrophages do?

they engulf and destroy foreign material and cellular debris

What are eosinophils associated with?

defense against certain parasites and allergic/inflammatory responses

What do basophils release?

substances involved in inflammation and allergric responses

Where are leukocytes produced?

red bone marrow

What is leukopenia?

an abnormally low number of leukocytes

What is leukocytosis?

an abnormally higgh number of leukocytes

What can abnormal leukocyte production indicate?

it can indicate disease or disorders involving the blood or immune system

What are platelets?

cell fragments that help stop bleeding

Where do platelets come from?

they are fragments of large bone-marrow cells called megakaryocytes

What is the main function of platelets?

helping form blood clots and stop bleeding

What happens when a blood vessel is damaged?

platelets become activated and help form a platelet plug

What is hemostasis?

the process that prevents blood loss after a blood vessel is damaged

What are the major steps of hemostasis?

vascular spasm- platelet plug formation- coagulation

What is a vascular spasm?

constriciton of a damaged blood vessel ot reduce blood loss

What is a platelet plug?

a temporary plug formed when platelets adhere to the damaged area and to one another

What is coagulation?

the process that produces a bloodd clot

What is fibrin?

a protein that forms a meshwork that helps stabilize a blood clot

Why doesn’t blood normally clot throughout the entire circulatory system?

the body has mechanisms that limit clot formation and prevent unneccessary clotting

What are hemostatic disorders?

conditions in which blood clottng is impaired or occurs abnormally

What are the two major blood-group system discussed intransfusion?

ABO and Rh

What determines a person’s ABO type?

the presence or absence of A and B antigens on RBCs

What are the four ABO blood types?

A, B, AB,O

What does type A blood have?

A anigens on RBCs and anti-B antibodies in plasma

What does type B blood have?

B antigens on RBCs and anti-A antibodies in plasma

What does type AB have?

A and B antigens and neither anti-A nor anti-B

What does type O have?

neither a nor b antigens, but it has anti-A and anti-B antibodies

What does Rh positive mean?

the RBCs have the Rh antigen

what does Rh negative mean?

the RBCs lack the Rh antigen

What are the physical characteristics of blood?

bright red when oxygenated, dark red when unoxygenated, 38 degrees celsius, pH of 7.35-7.45, 8% of total body weight, consists of plasma and formed elements

What is a hematocrit?

the percentage of whole blood made up of RBCs

What is the normal % of whole blood for females? Males?

42-52%; 37-47%

What is the buffy coat?

a thin layer between the RBCs and plasma after blood is centrifuged

What does the buffy coat contain?

WBCs and platelets

What is the average pH of blood and the average volume in healthy adult males and females?

7.4; adult males- 5-6L adult femalees- 4-5L

What are the plasma proteins?

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

What does albumin do?

helps maintain blood osmotic pressure

What does globulins do?

include antibodies and transport proteins

What does fibrinogen do?

important for blood clotting